Mixed sums of squares and triangular numbers (III)

In this paper we confirm a conjecture of Sun which states that each positive integer is a sum of a square, an odd square and a triangular number. Given any positive integer m, we show that p=2m+1 is a prime congruent to 3 modulo 4 if and only if Tm=m(m+1)/2 cannot be expressed as a sum of two odd squares and a triangular number, i.e., p²=x²+8(y²+z²) for no odd integers x,y,z. We also show that a positive integer cannot be written as a sum of an odd square and two triangular numbers if and only if it is of the form 2Tm(m>0) with 2m+1 having no prime divisor congruent to 3 modulo 4.