房间出口位置及内部布局对疏散效率的影响研究

利用先前建立的元胞自动机人员疏散模型,考虑教室类房间内过道区域的影响因素,调整行人转移概率的计算规则,分析了教室不同出口位置、教室内不同布局情况下的疏散效率.结果表明,正对教室过道的出口对疏散是很有利的,教室正面边缘开口和侧面开口相比,宜在侧面开口,以减少行人运动过程中方向的变化,而教室正面中央开口虽然疏散效率最高,但这样的开口不现实;另外,当教室侧面开口时,紧靠出口墙壁侧的过道是必要的,当教室总容量不变时,应优先考虑过道分布的设计,过道的数目和单个过道宽度相比,过道数目对疏散效率的影响更显著,过道数量较多时,疏散效率较高.本文有望为教室内部布局和出口设置,以及影剧院、体育馆看台等类似建筑内座椅和过道的分布设计提供建议.

The effects of exit position and internal layout of classroom on evacuation efficiency

On the basis of the previous cellular automaton evacuation model, we modify the method of calculating the pedestrians transition probability with considering the effect of aisle region in the classroom-like buildings, and analyze the difference among evcuation efficiencies imduced by different exit positions and different layoutt inside classrooms. The results demonstrate that it is very beneficial when the exit faces the aisle, that it is useful to set up exit on the side of the classroom compared with exit which is on the edge of the facing classroom in order to reduce the change in direction of pedestrian movement,that the exit situated at the central position in the front of classroom is the most efficient, however, is unrealistic; in addition, when the classroom is designed to have a side exit, the aisle is necessarily close to the exit side of the wall; when the total capacity of the classroom is fixed, we should give a priority to the design of aisle distribution, rather than the design of the arrangement of chairs and tables; the number of aisles is more significant to affect the evacuation efficiency than the width of a single aisle, the larger the number arisles is, the higher the evacuation efficiency will be. This paper is expected to be able to make suggestions for the design of internal layout and exit position of the classroom, as well as the design of the distribution of grandstand seats and aisles in similar buildings, such as theaters, stadiums, etc.