水产品中有害物质分析样品前处理技术研究进展

水产品含有丰富的蛋白、维生素和多种微量元素,是人们摄取动物性蛋白质的重要来源之一,我国是世界上最大的水产品消费国,其质量安全问题一直备受关注。但水产样品基质复杂,有害物质的含量低,须对其进行分离富集后才能进行检测,传统的液-液萃取、固相萃取和快速固相分散萃取等样品前处理技术在水产品分析中得到广泛应用,同时针对一些挥发性和超痕量有害物质检测时,固相微萃取同样体现出巨大优势。这些样品前处理技术可以有效去除基体对分析对象的干扰,提高检测方法的灵敏度和准确度。根据目标分析物性质的不同,选择合适的样品前处理技术,是水产品中有害物质分析的关键步骤。该文以水产品中有害物的来源不同,将其分为3类:(1)水产品中环境污染物的分析;(2)养殖运输和加工过程中有害物的分析;(3)水产品中生物毒素的分析。以这3类有害物质的分析为主线,综述了近10年水产品中有害物质分析的样品前处理技术,包括液-液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、快速固相分散萃取和磁性固相萃取等。此外,还对各种技术的优缺点进行了探讨,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。

Recent advances in sample preparation technologies for analysis of harmful substances in aquatic products

Aquatic products,which are among the most important sources of animal protein,contain proteins,vitamins,and a variety of trace elements,thus occupying an indispensable part of a reasonable diet.China is the largest consumer market of aquatic products in the world.The quality and safety of aquatic products are closely related not only to the healthy development of the aquaculture industry,but also to people’s health.However,the presence of harmful substances has a bearing on the quality and safety of aquatic products in the overall process,including breeding,processing,storage,and transportation.These harmful substances are enriched in aquatic products and are transferred to humans via the food chain.Accurate determination of such harmful substances in aquatic product samples is imperative because of their complex matrices and extremely low concentrations.Many efficient sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction,solid-phase extraction,and QuEChERS(quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,and safe method)with different configurations have been developed and widely employed for preconcentration in different matrices of aquatic products.Meanwhile,solid-phase microextraction has been demonstrated to be advantageous for some volatile and ultra-trace harmful substances.Suitable sample preparation techniques are important for effectively removing matrix interferences as well as for improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the method.It is important to develop appropriate sample preparation techniques for different target compounds in aquatic products.The harmful substances in aquatic products can be segregated into three categories according to their sources:(1)environmental pollutants in aquatic products;(2)substances acquired during aquaculture,transportation,and processing;(3)biotoxins in aquatic products.This article reviews the progress in sample pretreatment techniques for three harmful substances in aquatic products over the past decade.Various sample pretreatment techniques have been summarized and described,including liquid-liquid extraction,solid-phase extraction,solid-phase microextraction,QuEChERS,and magnetic solid-phase extraction.In addition,the merits and demerits of these techniques and future research directions are discussed.Finally,we reviewed the progress in functionalized materials for the preparation of aquatic product samples.With the increasing demand for aquatic products,quick,sensitive,and practical detection methods,such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)are gaining importance.SERS has great potential for fast and accurate on-site detection of harmful substances in aquatic products.Several nondestructive sample pretreatment techniques have also been developed for harmful substances in aquatic products.The application and development of these techniques will guarantee the safety of aquatic products.Moreover,in vivo solid-phase microextraction is a potential method for aquatic product analysis.This technique integrates sampling,extraction,and enrichment into a single step,thus significantly reducing the processing time,labor,and cost.Overall,with the development and application of sophisticated materials and techniques,we can expect theoretical and practical advances in aquatic product analysis.