Regiochemistry in the reductive opening of phthalan derivatives

The lithiation of phthalan derivatives 4, 9 and 12 with an excess of lithium in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4,4′-di-tert-butylbiphenyl (DTBB) in THF at −78 °C gives dianionic intermediates 5, 10 and 13, respectively, which by reaction with different electrophiles [H₂O, t-BuCHO, Me₂CO, (EtO)₂CO] at the same temperature, followed by hydrolysis, leads to regioselective functionalised naphthalenes 7, and biphenyls 11 and 14. The reductive opening takes place with high or total regioselectivity and can be explained considering the electron density in the dianion or in the radical anion, which are formed previous to the carbon-oxygen bond excision. The lithiation of the dihydrofurophthalan derivative 18 with the same reaction mixture but at higher temperature (0 °C) leads to intermediates 19 and 20, resulting from a single and a double reductive cleavage, respectively, which after addition of H₂O and benzaldehyde as electrophiles gives a mixture of compounds 21 and 22.