Protonation of gas-phase aromatic molecules: IR spectrum of the fluoronium isomer of protonated fluorobenzene

The IR spectrum of the fluoronium isomer of protonated fluorobenzene (F-C(6)H(6)F(+), phenylfluoronium) is recorded in the vicinity of the C-H and F-H stretch fundamentals to obtain the first structured spectrum of an isolated protonated aromatic molecule in the gas phase. Stable F-C(6)H(6)F(+) ions are produced via proton transfer from CH(5)(+) to fluorobenzene (C(6)H(5)F) in a supersonic plasma expansion. The F-C(6)H(6)F(+) spectrum recorded between 2,540 and 4,050 cm(-1) is consistent with a weakly bound ion-dipole complex composed of HF and the phenyl cation, HF-C(6)H(5)(+). The strongest transition occurs at 3,645 cm(-1) and is assigned to the F-H stretch (sigma(FH)). The antisymmetric C-H stretch of the two ortho hydrogen atoms, sigma(CH) = 3,125 cm(-1), is nearly unshifted from bare C(6)H(5)(+), indicating that HF complexation has little influence on the C-H bond strength of C(6)H(5)(+). Despite the simultaneous production of the more stable ring protonated carbenium isomers of C(6)H(6)F(+) (fluorobenzenium) in the electron ionization source, F-C(6)H(6)F(+) can selectively be photodissociated into C(6)H(5)(+) and HF under the present experimental conditions, because it has a much lower dissociation energy than all carbenium isomers. Quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP and MP2 levels of theory using the 6-311G(2df,2pd) basis support the interpretation of the experimental data and provide further details on structural, energetic, and vibrational properties of F-C(6)H(6)F(+), the carbenium isomers of C(6)H(6)F(+), and other weakly bound HF-C(6)H(5)(+) ion-dipole complexes. The dissociation energy of F-C(6)H(6)F(+) with respect to dehydrofluorination is calculated as D(0) = 4521 cm(-1) (approximately 54 kJ/mol). Analysis of the charge distribution in F-C(6)H(6)F(+) supports the notation of a HF-C(6)H(5)(+) ion-dipole complex, with nearly the whole positive charge of the added proton distributed over the C(6)H(5)(+) ring. As a result, protonation at the F atom strongly destabilizes the C-F bond in C(6)H(5)F.