In vivo monitoring of the gastrooesophageal system using optical fibre sensors

In the present paper optical fibre sensors for the detection of foregut diseases are described, in particular, sensors for the detection of bile, carbon dioxide and pH. Bile-containing refluxes are measured by means of a sensor which uses bilirubin as natural marker. The sensor, which is already present on the market, has been clinically validated by various hospitals. The clinically relevant parameter is the exposure time of the stomach/oesophagus mucosa to the bile. When measured in the oesophagus, it has been shown to be closely correlated with the onset of Barrett's oesophagus or general oesophagitis. Recently, optical fibres have been proposed for the continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide in the stomach: an important parameter in critically ill patients. A clinically validated prototype has shown its superiority in comparison with the traditional method, that is based on gastric tonometry. For the sake of completeness, also gastric pH sensors are considered, although at the moment their development is stationary at the laboratory stage.