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Nanodiamonds: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Enhancing Biomedical Therapies and Diagnostics in Biosensing
Authors:Ali Hyder  Akbar Ali  Jamil A. Buledi  Ayaz Ali Memon  Muzaffar Iqbal  Talib Hussain Bangalni  Amber R. Solangi  Khalid Hussain Thebo  Javeed Akhtar
Affiliation:1. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080 Pakistan;2. State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering (IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100F190 China

University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur KPK, Haripur, 22620 Pakistan;4. Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Science, 2 Wenhua Rood, Shenyang, China;5. Department of Chemistry Mirpur, University of Science and Technology (MUST), 10250 (AJK) Mirpur, Pakistan

Abstract:Nanodiamonds (NDs) have garnered attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NDs synthesis methods, properties, and their uses in biomedical applications. Various synthesis techniques, such as detonation, high-pressure, high-temperature, and chemical vapor deposition, offer distinct advantages in tailoring NDs′ size, shape, and surface properties. Surface modification methods further enhance NDs′ biocompatibility and enable the attachment of bioactive molecules, expanding their applicability in biological systems. NDs serve as promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, showcasing biocompatibility and the ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents for targeted delivery. Additionally, NDs demonstrate potential in cancer treatment through hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement for improved immune responses. Functionalization of NDs facilitates their utilization in biosensors for sensitive biomolecule detection, aiding in precise diagnostics and rapid detection of infectious diseases. This review underscores the multifaceted role of NDs in advancing biomedical applications. By synthesizing NDs through various methods and modifying their surfaces, researchers can tailor their properties for specific biomedical needs. The ability of NDs to serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles holds promise for targeted therapy, while their applications in hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement offer innovative approaches to cancer treatment and immunization. Furthermore, the integration of NDs into biosensors enhances diagnostic capabilities, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomolecules and infectious diseases. Overall, the diverse functionalities of NDs underscore their potential as valuable tools in nanomedicine, paving the way for advancements in healthcare and biotechnology.
Keywords:Biosensing  diamond core  drug delivery  functionalization  nanodiamonds
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