Experimental study on wake flow structures of screen cylinders using PIV

Experiments were conducted in a water flume using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to study the evolution of the vortical structures in the wakes of four types of screen cylinders at a Reynolds number of about 3200. The results were compared with that of a bare cylinder. The screen cylinders were made of stainless steel screen meshes of various porosities (37%, 48%, 61% and 67%) rolled into cylindrical shapes. Smoke wire flow visualisations in a wind tunnel were also conducted in support of the PIV tests. Depending on the porosity of the screen mesh, two vortex formation mechanisms for the screen cylinder wakes were identified. One was associated with wake instability and the other was associated with shear-layer (Kelvin-Helmholtz) convective instability which involved merging through pairing and tripling of small-scale vortices within the shear layers. The former was responsible for the formation of large-scale vortices in the bare cylinder and the screen cylinder wakes with 37% and 48% porosities, while the latter was responsible for the screen cylinder wakes with 61% and 67% porosities. The results also showed that with increasing porosity, the vortex formation region was extended farther downstream and the Reynolds shear stress, the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and vortex intensity were decreased constantly.     

Mass-imbalanced Bose-Einstein condensed mixtures in rotating perturbed trap

We consider the mass-imbalanced sensibility for the emergence of vortex patterns in the Bose-Einstein condensed binary mixture of rubidium-cesium (⁸⁵Rb-¹³³Cs), confined in quasi-two-dimensional harmonic traps, with one species linearly perturbed in one direction. Non-dipolar coupled species are chosen to highlight mass symmetry effects. We first analyze the condensed mixture in the unperturbed non-rotating regime, where radial phase separation is verified in the immiscible regime, which occurs for large ratio between inter- and intra-species repulsive interactions. By going to the linear perturbed regime, the radial phase separation that occurs in the immiscible condition splits up with the two densities having their maxima at distinct positions. In the rotating regime of both unperturbed and perturbed cases, the minimum rotation is determined in terms of the inter-species interaction to observe vortex structures. In the immiscible regime a dramatic spatial interchange between the species is verified by increasing the rotation.     

Current-voltage characteristics of radiating Josephson sandwich

Josephson sandwich is considered, along which the radiating chain of vortices travels. Uniform movement of the chain is supported by bias current. The current-voltage characteristic connecting this current with the voltage at the Josephson junction is found. It is shown that when the current increases, generation of electromagnetic waves with frequency weakly dependent on the current is possible.     

涡旋提取-改进BCR法测定土壤中重金属的化学形态

土壤中重金属的化学形态更能表明其迁移性和生物毒性。传统的重金属化学形态检测方法BCR法由于其提取时间长,影响检测效率。采用涡旋提取对传统BCR法进行方法优化,对土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr等6种重金属元素化学形态进行了实验分析。研究了涡旋转速、涡旋时间以及涡旋提取的方法精密度与准确度。结果表明,当涡旋转速为2500rpm,酸可交换态涡旋10min,可还原态涡旋10min,可氧化态涡旋5min时,涡旋提取效果良好。采用土壤标准物质对方法的适用性进行了验证,6种元素的检出限在0.4?32μg/kg,测定值均在标准值范围内,相对标准偏差在0.3%?5.5%之间。涡旋提取-改进BCR法分析速度快,灵敏度高,能满足同时测定土壤中多种金属元素化学形态的检测要求。     

Vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction using a low‐toxicity solvent for the determination of five organophosphorus pesticides in water samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was applied to determine Isocarbophos, Parathion‐methyl, Triazophos, Phoxim and Chlorpyrifos‐methyl in water samples. 1‐Bromobutane was used as the extraction solvent, which has a higher density than water and low toxicity. Centrifugation and disperser solvent were not required in this microextraction procedure. The optimum extraction conditions for 15 mL water sample were: pH of the sample solution, 5; volume of the extraction solvent, 80 μL; vortex time, 2 min; salt addition, 0.5 g. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors ranging from 196 to 237 and limits of detection below 0.38 μg/L were obtained for the determination of target pesticides in water. Good linearities (r > 0.9992) were obtained within the range of 1–500 μg/L for all the compounds. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.62–2.86% and the recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89.80 to 104.20%. The whole proposed methodology is simple, rapid, sensitive and environmentally friendly for determining traces of organophosphorus pesticides in the water samples.     

Compact finite difference-Fourier spectral method for three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

A new compact finite difference-Fourier spectral hybrid method for solving the three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is developed in the present paper. The fifth-order upwind compact finite difference schemes for the nonlinear convection terms in the physical space, and the sixth-order center compact schemes for the derivatives in spectral space are described, respectively. The fourth-order compact schemes in a single nine-point cell for solving the Helmholtz equations satisfied by the velocities and pressure in spectral space is derived and its preconditioned conjugate gradient iteration method is studied. The treatment of pressure boundary conditions and the three dimensional non-reflecting outflow boundary conditions are presented. Application to the vortex dislocation evolution in a three dimensional wake is also reported. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

An inviscid model for vortex shedding from a deforming body

An inviscid vortex sheet model is developed in order to study the unsteady separated flow past a two-dimensional deforming body which moves with a prescribed motion in an otherwise quiescent fluid. Following Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405–441, 2003) the flow is assumed to comprise of a bound vortex sheet attached to the body and two separate vortex sheets originating at the edges. The complex conjugate velocity potential is expressed explicitly in terms of the bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations through a boundary integral representation. It is shown that Kelvin’s circulation theorem, along with the conditions of continuity of the normal velocity across the body and the boundedness of the velocity field, yields a coupled system of equations for the unknown bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations. A general numerical treatment is developed for the singular principal value integrals arising in the solution procedure. The model is validated against the results of Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405–441, 2003) for computations involving a rigid flat plate and is subsequently applied to the flapping foil experiments of Heathcote et al. (AIAA J, 42, 2196–2204, 2004) in order to predict the thrust coefficient. The utility of the model in simulating aquatic locomotion is also demonstrated, with vortex shedding suppressed at the leading edge of the swimming body.      

Interaction of an obliquely rising vortex ring with a free surface in a viscous fluid

A vortex ring, which approaches a free surface under various initial conditions and different values of flow parameters, is investigated by means of numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. The study focuses on the connection process of the vortex ring with the free surface at low Reynolds number. Discrepancies between a numerical solution and experimental observations found recently with regard to the shape of the reconnected vorticity tubes have been resolved. The crucial parameter, which determines the essential differences at the low Reynolds number selected, is the angle of inclination at which the vortex ring rises toward the free surface. At an angle of inclination of 20° circular vorticity tubes at the free surface evolve, while at an angle of 45° the reconnection takes place in the form of an almost circular sheet. At higher Reynolds number this form of reconnection may change to the other form through instability. The possibility of vortex-ring reflection at the free surface is discussed.

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Sommario Usando soluzioni numeriche delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes, viene analizzato il comportamento di un vortice and anello che si avvicina ad una superficie libera, per diverse condizioni iniziali e valori dei parametri del flusso. Lo studio è incentrato sul processo di connessione del vortice adnanello con la superficie libera per bassi numeri di Reynolds. con riguardo alla forma dei tubi di vorticità riconnessi con la superficie, tutte le differenze tra osservazioni sperimentali e simulazioni numeriche sono state risolte. Per bassi numeri di Reynolds, il parametro cruciale dell' interazione è l'angolo di inclinazione tra vortice e superficie. Per un angolo di 20° si formano tubi circolari di vorticità alla superficie, mentre a 45° la riconnessione ha luogo in forma di strato sottile di vorticità. Per altri numeri di Reynolds la forma della riconnessione può cambiare in altre forme a causa dell'instabilità. Infine viene discussa la possibilità di riflessione del vortice ad anello alla superficie.

     

Laminar flow and heat transfer in confined channel flow past square bars arranged side by side

A numerical investigation was conducted to analyze the unsteady laminar flow field and heat transfer characteristics in a plane channel with two square bars mounted side by side to the approaching flow. A finite volume technique is applied with a fine grid and time resolution. The transverse separation distance between the bars (G/d) is varied from 0 to 5, whereas the bar height to channel height is d/H=1/8, and the channel length is L=5H. Different flow regimes develop in the channel due the interaction between the two mounted square bars, steady flow, flow with vortex shedding synchronization either in phase or in anti-phase, or biased flow with low frequency modulation of vortex shedding are found. Results show that the pressure drop increase and heat transfer enhancement are strongly dependent of the transverse separation distance of the bars and the channel Reynolds number.