深水多波束测深系统脉冲压缩实时算法

线性调频信号是大时宽带宽积信号,通过脉冲压缩可提高探测距离和分辨率,已在深水多波束测深系统中得到广泛应用。针对深水多波束测深系统中脉冲压缩运算量大的问题,提出了一种基于分组的脉冲压缩实时算法。该算法对需要进行脉冲压缩的波束进行分组,每个节拍只计算一组波束,可大幅减少深水多波束测深系统脉冲压缩的运算时间,节省了处理器资源。该算法已成功应用于某深水多波束测深系统,经多次海试证明,工作稳定可靠。     

A Jump-U model of echo pattern for a sonar ranging module

Sonar is extensively used in robot as a range sensor and the time-of-flight (TOF) information of ultrasonic echo is frequently adopted in sonar applications. This paper proposes a Jump-U model of ultrasonic echo pattern based on TOF data for a sonar ranging module. The model is established through a data regression method, utilizing TOF data and the relation between the delay time and the bearing angle of the sensor as input parameters. Because the proposed model can explain the jump phenomenon of TOF data and the shape of TOF data is similar to character U, the model is named as Jump-U. Moreover, the model includes several parameters, and one of them is intensity factor which can be regard as a relative strength of ultrasonic echo. Experiments are conducted to verify the proposed model by measuring the echo’s TOF data of a plane with distances ranging from 100 to 200 cm. The results show a close agreement between simulation and measurements.     

基于侧扫声纳的船舶吨位测量技术研究及应用

在自动化测量技术迅速发展的今天,国内外对船舶吨位的测定却主要依据船舶图纸及证件,存在着诸多弊端。为解决上述问题,本文在对侧扫声纳成像原理分析后,认为侧扫声纳对水面目标同样可以成像,设计了利用侧扫声纳测量内河航道过闸船舶实载总吨位的测量方案。为了对测量方案进行验证,本文使用Starfish 450F型侧扫声纳于常州魏村船闸开展实地测量实验,所得理论计算结果与实际丈量结果误差较小,证明了本文提出的船舶吨位测量技术的可行性,对船舶吨位自动化测量的实现具有一定的价值。     

声纳方程的瞬态形式讨论

本文提出用瞬态信号的能谱级代替稳态信号的声强级来定义声纳参数，并以短柱声散射为例，运用数值模拟方法，验证用能谱级定义声纳参数，声纳方程是比较有效的，这为应用声纳方程处理瞬态声信号从而获得目标强度提供了一种有效可行的方法。     

Progress in stacked piezocomposite ultrasonic transducers for low frequency applications

A stacked ultrasonic transducer comprises multiple individual layers connected mechanically in series and electrically in parallel to reduce the fundamental thickness mode resonance to a frequency corresponding to the transit time of the complete stack and the electrical impedance to a value which corresponds to that of the layers of the stack in parallel. In turn, this allows lower frequency resonant operation than would be possible with a single layer, and facilitates electrical impedance matching to typical transmission circuitry. On transmission, an ideal stack of uniform layers will have an output amplitude larger than that of the equivalent single layer by a factor equal to the . However, using conventional signal amplification circuitry on reception, the output voltage amplitude will be smaller than that of the equivalent single layer by a similar factor. In the past, stacks have commonly been assembled from layers of conventional piezoceramic material but more recently there have been reports of stacks of 1–3 piezocomposites and it is this type that is considered here. The work described in this paper is motivated by the need to operate at frequencies lower than are possible using conventional piezocomposite fabrication technology. Progress in comparison of experimental and simulated results is outlined and the highlights of a theoretical design study are presented. These show that although the general behaviour of a stacked structure is easily predicted, a rigorous theoretical analysis is essential to understand the detail of even a limited range of possible designs.     

基于Contourlet域HMT模型的声纳图像去噪

声纳图像预处理是声纳图像目标识别与跟踪的前提;声纳图像对比度低,特性信息弱,为此,提出Contourlet域HMT模型(CT-HMT)的声纳图像去噪算法。Contourlet域中,不同方向间子带系数的相关性体现于DFB分解中,相邻尺度间父节点对应的4个子节点分布在2个可分离的方向子带上,父、子节点状态"持续性"采用Markov模型建模,尺度内Contourlet系数的"聚集性"采用混合高斯模型建模;最后,用贝叶斯准则估计无噪图像的Contourlet系数,实现声纳图像去噪。实验结果从视觉效果和定量分析两方面验证表明,本文算法能有效地抑制噪声,提取声纳图像的弱特征信息,较好地保全了图像的边缘和轮廓信息。     

Frequency fine-tuning in Class IV flextensional transducers

Class IV flextensional transducers (FTs) are the best-known FTs in literature. These are light-weight projectors (compared to the conventional Tonpilz designs) with capability for high power delivery at low frequencies. The resonance frequencies of this type of transducers are known to be dominantly dependent on the characteristics of the outer shell than on the driver stack. Consequently, the method of achieving fine-tuning of the transducer by modifying the characteristics of the stack, as practiced in the case of Tonpilz designs, is not very effective. This paper describes a method for fine-tuning of the frequency of a Class IV FT, which involves only a modification of a pair of small components used for coupling the stack to the transducer. The effectiveness of the method is examined by finite element modelling using the package ATILA, in the case of a 3 kHz aluminium shell transducer. Experimental results are also presented.     

Insertion loss of sound waves through composite acoustic window materials

This study evaluated the insertion loss of sound waves through composite acoustic window materials for sonar dome applications, and examined the influence of dome shape on the sonar performance. The insertion loss of sound waves through acoustic window materials was experimentally measured as a function of frequency at normal incidence. The insertion loss was also theoretically estimated with three- and four-medium layer models. The theoretical estimation of insertion loss showed good agreement with the experimental measurements. The insertion loss was also measured as a function of angle of incidence. The characteristics of longitudinal and converted shear waves were observed at various angles of incidence. This study will be useful to select acoustic window materials with the appropriate acoustic characteristics for practical sonar dome applications.     

A fast estimation of sonar cross section of acoustically large and complex underwater targets using a deterministic scattering center model

In this paper, a fast method is proposed to estimate the sonar cross section of acoustically large and complex underwater targets such as submarines and torpedoes. The proposed method is based on a deterministic scattering center model which constructs scattering center database by using a combining method of physical optics and geometric optics and then reconstructs sonar cross section patterns from that database with a polynomial interpolation with respect to the incident angle. The parametric studies to find appropriate intervals of the reference incident angle are systematically carried out for simple targets such as a flat square plate and an orthogonal dihedral. Moreover, to validate the proposed method, sonar cross sections of real-like targets such as a pressure hull and an idealized submarine are calculated. The comparisons show that the results by the proposed method are in good agreement with those by the direct calculation.     

Modelling of the sound field radiated by multibeam echosounders for acoustical impact assessment

Multi-Beam Echo-Sounders (MBES) designed for seafloor-mapping applications are today a major tool for ocean exploration and monitoring. Concerns have been raised about their impact towards marine life and especially marine mammals, although their inherent characteristics (high frequencies, short signals and narrow transmitting lobes) actually minimize this possibility. The present paper proposes an analysis of MBES radiation characteristics (pulse design, source level and radiation directivity pattern) accounting for the various geometries met today and expressed according to the metrics used for acoustical impact assessment (maximum Sound Pressure Level, and cumulative Sound Exposure Level). A detailed radiation model is proposed, including the transmission through directivity sidelobes, and applied to three typical MBES examples. A simplified radiation model is then defined, in order to extend it to the case of the cumulative insonification by a MBES moving along a survey line. An approximated analytical model is proposed for the accumulated intensity, showing good agreement with the complete simulation of insonification; it is applied to the worst-case configuration of a low-frequency (12 kHz) multi-sector system. The computation of ranges corresponding to impact thresholds accepted today shows that impacts in terms of injury are negligible for both SPL and SEL; however behavioural response impacts cannot be excluded, and should require specific experimentation.