介绍一个与材料相关的研究型综合化学实验——壳聚糖的制备与表征

在中国科学技术大学夏季学期的研究型实验课程"化学科研基础训练"中开设"壳聚糖的制备与表征"综合实验,以龙虾壳为原料,通过除蛋白、脱盐、脱色、脱乙酰等一系列反应,制备得到目标产物壳聚糖。运用红外光谱、核磁共振仪、黏度法、滴定等对产品的结构及性能进行表征。     

Hexagonal boron nitride quantum dots: Properties,preparation and applications

As a new type of quantum dots (QDs), hexagonal boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) exhibit promising potential in the applications of disease diagnosis, fluorescence imaging, biosensing, metal ion detection, and so on, because of their remarkable chemical stability, excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and outstanding photoluminescence properties. However, the large-scale fabrication of homogeneous BNQDs still remains challenging. In this article, the properties and common fabrication methods of BNQDs are summarized based on the recent research progress. Then, the corresponding yields, morphologies, and fabrication mechanisms of these as-obtained BNQDs are discussed in detail. Moreover, the applications of these as-obtained BNQDs in different fields are also discussed. This article is expected to inspire new methods and improvements to achieve large-scale fabrication of homogeneous BNQDs, which will enable their practical applications in future.     

新型低共熔溶剂的制备、表征及物性研究

以氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓([Bmim]Cl)和二元羧酸为原料,由不同摩尔比混合制备了一类新型低共熔溶剂,采用红外光谱对[Bmim]Cl和二元羧酸之间的作用进行了分析。分别测定了其粘度、电导率、密度、折射率等物理性质,并研究了温度、二元羧酸结构和摩尔比对这些物理性质的影响。结果表明,新型低共熔溶剂的粘度随温度的升高而降低,电导率随温度的升高而增加。温度对两者的影响可以采用VTF方程进行精确地拟合。新型低共熔溶剂的密度随温度的升高而呈线性下降。对新型低共熔溶剂的过量摩尔体积进行计算的结果表明,过量摩尔体积均为正值,二元羧酸对过量摩尔体积的贡献远大于[BMIM]Cl,而结构特性的贡献多于物理作用。折射率和密度随二元羧酸碳数的变化趋势基本相似。     

高分子复合材料自增强技术的研究进展

自增强高分子材料是一种特殊的多相体系,其基体相与增强相的化学结构相同但物理性质不同,因其界面具有良好的相容性与粘结强度而具有较大的应用价值,同时,也非常有利于材料的回收利用。本文总结了自增强高分子材料的一系列制备方法,并将其分为非原位成型法与原位成型法,具体包括纤维热压法、绷紧纤维过热法、薄膜嵌入热压法、口模拉伸、辊筒拉伸和旋转挤出法等成型方法,并着重介绍其制备工艺及存在的缺陷。最后对自增强高分子材料的前景进行了展望。     

A New Approach for Synthesis of Low‐moisture Glycidyl Azide Polymer

In this work, low‐moisture glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) was successfully prepared using a modified two‐step method. The modified method resembles the structure of the classical two‐step method, which is widely used to prepare the GAP. Firstly, epichlorohydrin (ECH) is polymerized into polyepicholorohydrin (PECH), which is subjected afterward to azidation step using sodium azide (NaN₃). Interestingly, minimizing the water content in the final GAP product, which is a challenging when dealing with GAP as a rocket propellant binder, was effectively achieved by utilizing low boiling point solvents instead of the relatively high boiling point Dimethyl formamide (DMF), monitoring the volatility of ECH and controlling the exothermicity of the reaction. Prepared GAP samples were investigated using Fourier transformer infra‐red (FT‐IR), gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) and elemental analysis apparatus (CHNS) were used to characterize the product. The moisture % in the final product was examined using the Karl‐Fisher Technique. Results showed the successful preparation of GAP with low water content (<0.01 %), high average molecular weight (> 2000 g · mol^–1), 42.82 % nitrogen, a viscosity of 3484 cP at 20 °C, yield ranges between 95–98 % and a polydispersity index of 1.2. The prepared GAP is promising for replacement of the classical GAPs in the energetic materials applications.     

高性能聚酰亚胺气凝胶的制备进展

气凝胶是轻质开孔的介孔材料,由于其特殊的性质,如低密度(0.003~0.5g/cm3)、高孔隙率(70%~99.8%)、低介电常数(~1.1)、低热导率(最低为0.012W/(m·K))和高比表面积(100~1600m2/g),因此可应用于隔热材料、隔音材料、催化剂载体、药物缓释材料、低介电材料、吸附剂等。聚酰亚胺是一类重要的高性能聚合物,近些年,聚酰亚胺气凝胶备受重视。本文综述了现有多种聚酰亚胺气凝胶的制备方法及其优缺点,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

α‐Chlorination of Carboxylic Acids Using Trichloroisocyanuric Acid

Abstract

Carboxylic acids are chlorinated in the α position by heating with trichloroisocyanuric acid after formation of a small amount of the acid chloride using phosphorus trichloride.     

离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐的制备及用于纤维素溶解纺丝的研究进展

离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐（[EMIM3Ac）可以溶解天然高分子等许多聚合物,尤其对于纤维素具有较强的溶解能力,且溶解过程基本不造成纤维素降解,故可以作为纤维素的有效溶剂,用于纤维素的溶解加工。与其它溶剂相比,[EMIM]Ac具有使用安全、不污染环境、易回收循环利用等优势,故在纤维素溶解、纺丝方面具有广阔的应...     

Structural,thermal, optical and conductivity studies of Co/ZnO nanoparticles doped CMC polymer for solid state battery applications

In this study, a simple chemical precipitation method was used to synthesize ZnO: Co²⁺ as nanoparticles. The solution casting technique was used for the preparation of polymer films of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped with different contents (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 wt%) of ZnO/Co NPs. As shown by the X-ray diffraction, the average size of ZnO/Co crystallite of the NPs is 25.6 nm. Meanwhile, the addition of ZnO/Co reduced the semi-crystallinity of CMC. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed the interaction between the ZnO/Co NPs and the polymer CMC. The direct and indirect band gap (Eg) was reduced from (5.32–5.01 eV and 5.20 to 4.99 eV respectively) with the increase in ZnO/Co NPs content up to 3 wt% after this content the Eg is increased as shown by the UV–Vis spectra. In addition, the results of TGA displayed the decomposition of the nanocomposite to be little compared to that of the pure CMC indicating the success of fabrication of products. The improvement of the ionic conductivity was noticed upon the addition of ZnO/Co NPs into the polymer CMC system which can be explained in terms of an increase in amorphicity as shown by the impedance spectroscopic study. It was found that the optimum ionic conductivity (3.209 × 10⁻⁶ Scm⁻¹) at ambient temperature was higher for the sample containing 1.5 wt% ZnO/Co NPs with highest of amorphicity and the lowest total loss of weight. Therefore, the improvements in optical properties, thermal stability, and AC conductivity which were observed represent a strong support for the use of the nanocomposite films in the solid state battery applications.     

基于自组装技术的纳米功能材料研究进展

纳米自组装技术的迅速发展拓宽了纳米材料的应用领域. 利用自组装合成纳米新材料是一种有效且具有发展前景的方法. 本综述介绍了纳米自组装技术的研究价值及近年来新兴的制备方法, 重点论述了驱动纳米自组装的作用类型, 包括范德华力、 静电作用、 磁力作用、 氢键、 熵效应以及疏溶剂相互作用、 DNA碱基互补配对等其它相互作用, 同时也对纳米自组装体的应用情况进行了阐述, 并探讨了利用纳米自组装技术研制新材料所面临的机遇和挑战.