锌电极放电过程及失效机制数值分析

锌-空气电池是一种高能量的电池体系.实验表明, 在大功率工作条件下, 锌电极的材料利用率随电流密度的增加而急剧下降. 为探索其在大功率工作条件下的放电机理, 本文针对这一过程建立了一维数学模型, 通过数值求解模拟多个物理量如离子浓度、传递电流密度、电极孔隙度、固体氧化锌等在电极内部的分布变化情况, 在此基础上分析电极的性能. 数值结果分析表明, 固体氧化锌对电极内质量传输过程的限制是导致电极失效的根本原因. 其析出时间及在电极内部的集中分布位置对电极性能有显著影响; 而仅当其体积分数超过30%-35%的范围后才开始显著限制传质过程. 讨论了电极的优化措施, 模拟表明更高的溶液电导率,更大的电极孔隙度有利于增加大功率工作条件下电极的材料利用率. 但最重要的是保持电极内部氢氧根离子的浓度在一个较高的值,对于封闭式电极可以通过补液实现, 理想情况为设计一个电解液循环式的锌电极.     

Effect of permanent magnet configuration on discharge characteristics in cylindrical Hall thrusters

Magnetic field design is important in cylindrical Hall thrusters and using permanent magnets to generate magnetic field is very promising in the future. In two typical permanent magnet configurations (i.e., ring and cylindrical configurations) of cylindrical Hall thrusters, discharge characteristics are compared in this paper through the experiments and simulations. The study shows that the cylindrical configuration can bring about higher thruster performance in the same working condition. The reason is that the potential drop of the cylindrical configuration is mainly concentrated in the channel, which is beneficial for the electrons to obtain energy to promote the ionization of the propellant. However, the voltage regulation range of the cylindrical configuration is lower because the anode is more easily overheated.     

Optogalvanic Diagnostic of Conical Bottom Hollow Calhode Discharge. Enhancement of the Optogalvanic Signal

We present an optogalvanic aspect of a new modification of Hollow Cathode Discharge (HCD), i.e. conical bottom HCD. Earlier we found this modification enhancing the light emission properties of the conventional flat bottom HCD; a greater concentration of sputtered atoms was established by using a level crossing method. This effect provoked us to investigate the conical bottom HCD as an optogalvanic detector of signals, belonging to the sputtered atoms in the negative glow. The conical bottom HCD is found to be an effective optogalvanic detector due to the structure of the radial distribution of the optogalvanic signal.     

Analysis of ES hazards in overfilling protection gauge

Gauging operations can cause electrostatic ignition in road tankers during filling operations involving flammable liquids. For this reason, gauging from above the liquid surface should not be carried out in a road tanker containing a flammable atmosphere when hazardous conditions are present.Introduction of an overfilling sensor to automatically stop the filling in case of deviation can be a safety measure to prevent overfilling of the road tanker and the generation of a rather big flammable pool.Nevertheless, this situation generates a conflict of interest with the formerly described safety measure of preventing a charged liquid to approach a counter-electrode in presence of a explosive atmosphere.This situation has been assessed in detail by using a simulation program. It was clear that the gauge could lead to an ignition already when the liquid approached the edge of the gauge. A new design was defined to prevent such hazard.     

Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of LiCCH, NaCCH, and KCCH: Quadrupole hyperfine interactions in alkali monoacetylides

The alkali metal monoacetylides LiCCH, NaCCH, and KCCH and their deuterium isotopologues have been investigated using Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectroscopy in the frequency range 5-37 GHz. The molecules were synthesized in a supersonic expansion by the reaction of metal vapor, produced by laser ablation, with acetylene or DCCD. Use of target rods of the pure metal and a DC discharge immediately following the laser interaction region were significant factors in molecule production. Multiple rotational transitions were recorded for all species, except where only the J = 1 → 0 line was accessible (Li species). Quadrupole hyperfine interactions arising from the metal nuclei were resolved in each molecule, as well as those from the deuterium nucleus in the deuterated isotopologues. From a combined analysis with previous millimeter-wave data, refined rotational constants were determined for these species, as well as ⁷Li, ²³Na, ³⁹K, and D eQq parameters. The values of the metal quadrupole coupling constants are comparable to those of the alkali halides and hydroxides, indicating a similar degree of ionic character in the metal-ligand bond.     

EAST装置放电预测的初步研究

用托卡马克模拟程序对实验前期的放电进行了模拟,获得了期望的等离子体演化过程及主要参数波形,如极向场线圈电流、等离子体电流、等离子体位置等。通过等离子体控制系统将模拟获取的参数波形用于实验,开展了等离子体R位置控制、完全程序场控制及RZIp控制下的放电模拟对实验的预测研究。模拟结果与实验吻合较好,表明放电模拟具有一定的可预测性,为今后EAST装置开展更深入的物理实验提供了一定的参考。     

高功率脉冲非平衡磁控溅射放电特性和参数研究

用线圈电流控制非平衡磁场,用汤森放电击穿形成深度自触发放电,用磁阱捕获放电形成的二次电子和导致漂移电流,形成了高功率非平衡磁控溅射放电。采用偏压为-100V相对磁控靶放置的圆形平面电极收集饱和离子电流;在距离磁控靶14cm的位置由Langmuir探针测量浮置电位;示波器测量磁控靶的脉冲电压、电流、浮置电位和饱和离子电流信号。装置的放电脉冲功率达到0.9MW,脉冲频率最大值为40Hz左右,空间电荷限制条件是控制电子电流和离子电流的主要机制。     

Self-sustaining discharges in needle-to-plane geometry with hundreds of microns electrode gaps

Atmospheric pressure needle-to-plane discharges have been explored experimentally in electrode gaps from 100 μm to 400 μm. These discharges can be self-sustained and follow the form of existing empirical formulae describing the current-voltage characteristics of corona discharge. The discharge can also be self-sustained by its lower sustaining voltage applied between the two electrodes once it is ignited by the initial high output voltage from power supply. The experiments of charging aerosol particles by the self-sustaining discharge operating with a lowered power have shown that for particles with a diameter of 46 nm, the charging efficiency attained 43.6%.     

直流激励的大气压氩气喷枪的光谱研究

利用正高压驱动空心针-板喷枪装置,通入工作气体氩气,在大气压空气中产生了均匀稳定的喇叭状等离子体羽。电学和光学测量结果表明,放电虽然是在直流电源驱动下工作,但放电为周期性的脉冲。通过对等离子体羽发光信号进行空间分辨测量,研究了脉冲的形成机理,发现除针尖附近的电晕放电外,等离子体羽是以正流光(等离子体子弹)从针尖向着接地电极方向传播的。采用光谱学方法,对电子激发温度随电压的变化及其空间分布进行了测量。结果表明,电子激发温度(约为3 eV)随电压的增大而升高,在一定电压下,电子激发温度沿气流方向也在升高。     

小型球形脉冲氙灯光谱分析与实验测定

作为分析仪器和医疗仪器光源,脉冲氙灯的光谱特性直接影响着仪器的整体性能。为了研究脉冲氙灯放电回路参数及几何参数对其光谱特性的影响,利用气体放电理论分析了脉冲氙灯发光过程,设计了光谱检测系统,实验测定了脉冲氙灯在不同放电参数下的光谱特性。结果表明：脉冲氙灯光谱由连续谱和线状谱组成,连续谱有离子复合和韧致辐射产生,线状谱由电子能级跃迁产生。相对光谱辐射能量随着放电电压升高呈近似线性增长、并随着储能电容的变大而变大。在放电电压较低时,弧长较短时相对光谱辐射能量较大;在放电电压较大时,弧长越长相对光谱辐射能量越大。对于脉冲氙灯工作参数选取以及应用生产具有重要的意义。