四苯乙烯及其衍生物超声辅助合成与光电性能研究

四苯乙烯及其衍生物被广泛报道具有典型的聚集诱导发光(AIE)性能，在有机发光二极管、荧光离子探针、生物化学成像等诸多领域有着广阔的应用前景。以此为背景，可以将相关前沿议题转化为本科综合实验教学方案。本文针对现有的实验教学方案设计进行了探究和改进，在原有使用McMurry偶联反应制备四苯乙烯的实验方案基础上，利用生色团上不同取代基的推拉电子效应设计平行对照试验，合成溴代、甲氧基取代的四苯乙烯衍生物，实现了荧光发射光谱最大峰波长的显著移动，使得在紫外灯下即可观察到荧光从蓝色到黄绿色的变化。利用超声辅助合成的方法，成功将反应时间从原有的6–8 h压缩至2 h，使之更适应本科教学实验所需的时间空间。除光学性能表征外，本实验还综合了循环伏安法表征产物的能带结构。本实验针对原有方案进行了诸多改进，引入平行实验锻炼科学思维、别出心裁地引入超声辅助合成法，极大地缩短了反应时间，展现出较强的前沿性、绿色性和高效性。     

基于遗传算法的紧凑型高温超导托卡马克磁体优化

基于遗传算法和二维轴对称磁场有限元模型对高温超导托卡马克装置磁体进行了优化设计。以超导带材使用量最少为优化的目标函数，在给定的背景场设计指标和高温超导带材在50K、不同背景场的临界电流数据下，对磁体物理参数以及运行电流进行优化，得到了托卡马克高温超导磁体在50K温区下的设计方案。     

多孔氮化硼掺杂聚吡咯-2,3,3-三甲基吲哚固相微萃取涂层的制备及多环芳烃的检测

多环芳烃(PAHs)是持久性有机污染物中的一种，大部分具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性，对生态环境和人类健康易造成严重威胁。由于环境样品基质复杂且其中PAHs含量低，因此在仪器分析之前需要对环境样品进行必要的前处理。萃取材料的特性是决定大部分前处理技术萃取效率的关键。基于此，本文以低成本且富含较多官能团的吡咯(py)、2,3,3-三甲基吲哚(2,3,3-TMe@In)为单体，多孔氮化硼为掺杂物，采用电化学循环伏安法制备出多孔氮化硼掺杂聚吡咯-2,3,3-三甲基吲哚(Ppy/P2,3,3-TMe@In/BN)复合涂层，通过扫描电子显微镜、热稳定性分析、傅里叶红外光谱等手段对Ppy/P2,3,3-TMe@In/BN进行表征，结果表明：该涂层呈现出多孔、多褶皱的枝状结构，该结构有利于增加涂层的比表面积，从而实现对PAHs的大量富集；在320℃解吸温度下，涂层材料的色谱基线基本稳定，表明该涂层具有良好的热稳定性。将其修饰在不锈钢丝表面制成固相微萃取涂层，结合气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器，对影响萃取和分离萘(NAP)、苊(ANY)、芴(FLU)3种PAHs的条件进行优化，建立了用于以上3种PAHs...     

基于NiCo2O4纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器

The looming global energy crisis and ever-increasing energy demands have catalyzed the development of renewable energy storage systems. In this regard, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted widespread attention because of their advantageous attributes such as high power density, excellent cycle stability, and environmental friendliness. However, SCs exhibit low energy density and it is important to optimize electrode materials to improve the overall performance of these devices. Among the various electrode materials available, spinel nickel cobaltate (NiCo₂O₄) is particularly interesting because of its excellent theoretical capacitance. Based on the understanding that the performances of the electrode materials strongly depend on their morphologies and structures, in this study, we successfully synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets on Ni foam via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the results showed that they were uniformly distributed on the Ni foam support. The surface chemical states of the elements in the samples were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ products were then tested as cathode materials for supercapacitors in a traditional three-electrode system. The electrochemical performances of the NiCo₂O₄ electrode materials were studied and the area capacitance was found to be 1.26 C·cm^-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. Furthermore, outstanding cycling stability with 97.6% retention of the initial discharge capacitance after 10000 cycles and excellent rate performance (67.5% capacitance retention with the current density from 1 to 14 mA·cm^-2) were achieved. It was found that the Ni foam supporting the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets increased the conductivity of the electrode materials. However, it is worth noting that the contribution of nickel foam to the areal capacitance of the electrode materials was almost zero during the charge and discharge processes. To further investigate the practical application of the as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets-based electrode, a device was assembled with the as-prepared samples as the positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The assembled supercapacitor showed energy densities of 0.14 and 0.09 Wh·cm^-3 at 1.56 and 4.5 W·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, it was able to maintain 95% of its initial specific capacitance after 10000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets could be ascribed to their unique spatial structure composed of interconnected ultrathin nanosheets, which facilitated electron transportation and ion penetration, suggesting their potential applications as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. The present synthetic route can be extended to other ternary transition metal oxides/sulfides for future energy storage devices and systems.     

型钢-钢板混凝土组合墙抗震性能试验研究

提出一种型钢–钢板混凝土组合墙,为了研究其抗震性能,设计制作该形式的型钢–钢板混凝土组合墙进行拟静力试验。通过改变试件的轴压比、剪跨比,研究其在低周往复载荷作用下的受力机理、滞回性能、刚度退化及耗能能力等。试验结果表明:试件的破坏形态为压弯破坏,组合墙两端方钢管正面及侧面发生撕裂,两侧底部钢板屈曲严重,混凝土压溃;随着轴压比减小,试件具有更好的塑性变形能力和耗能能力,剪跨比对组合墙的抗震性能影响较小。     

大货车转弯侧翻的影响因素分析

因重心高、载重大,大货车在弯道行驶时,如果速度过高,很容易发生侧翻。针对货车转弯侧翻这一物理现象,本文利用动静法建立了其动力学模型。引入了描述侧翻的两个物理量——倾斜临界速度和侧翻临界速度,在给定参数下对车的受力和运动进行了数值计算,并分析了车重、车的质心高度和转弯半径等因素对转弯侧翻的影响。并对如何避免大货车转弯侧翻,给出了定性的驾驶指导建议。     

DSA、CTA联合MR影像评估AIS患者脑支循环及预后性关系

探讨数字减影血管成像(DSA)、计算机断层扫描血管成像(CTA)联合磁共振(MR)影像评估急性缺血性卒中(AIS)患者脑支循环及预后性关系。选取60例大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞所致AIS患者为研究对象,根据DSA、CTA与MR影像对其脑侧支循环评估,比较患者基线资料、结局指标等,并分析预后性。结果发现:基于DSA、CTA与MR影像对AIS患者脑侧支循环评估结果一致性良好;3种影像模式下脑侧支循环良好组与不良组结局资料差异显著(P<0.05);多因素分析显示,FVH-ASPECTS评分、rLMC评分、ASITN/SIR分级量表均为AIS患者神经功能预后的独立影响因素。总之,DSA、CTA、MR影像对AIS患者脑侧支循环评估具有一致性,且FVH-ASPECTS评分、rLMC评分、ASITN/SIR分级量表均为AIS患者神经功能预后的独立影响因素。     

S30408低温棘轮效应本构描述

S30408奥氏体不锈钢因其优异的力学性能和耐低温性能而被广泛用于制作LNG等低温罐车罐体的内容器。此类罐体的内容器在其支撑部位不但承受内压引起的恒定应力还会承受惯性载荷引起的交变应力，容易发生渐进的塑性应变累积即棘轮效应。但目前还缺乏有效预测S30408低温棘轮效应的本构描述。利用几种较为先进的本构模型对低温S30408奥氏体不锈钢棘轮应变进行模拟，发现这些本构模型存在循环初期过低预测和循环后期过高预测的缺点，并且这种过高预测会随着循环圈数的增加而增大。基于Ohno - Wang II模型，关联形变马氏体含量与各向同性强化与随动强化，并给出马氏体极限含量dL的演化规律，进而提出一种含马氏体相变的循环塑性本构模型。与其它模型相比，该模型能有效改善在循环初期预测值过低和后期预测值过高的情况，同时能够较好地预测循环加载过程中形变马氏体的含量。