力学可以为农业现代化作贡献

农业现代化提出了许多与力学各个分支都有密切关系的问题．从农田耕作、农业物料性质、农产品烘干、水果和蔬菜生产、农业生物环境、节水灌溉、农业水土资源合理利用和作物生长等方面，介绍了有关的力学问题和目前的研究进展．     

不同贮藏期水蜜桃硬度及糖度的检测研究

糖度和硬度作为水蜜桃的两个重要指标,决定其内部品质。在运输或售卖期间,水蜜桃果内水分流失,表面开始松软进而腐烂,内部品质发生变化。研究旨在探讨可见/近红外光谱预测水蜜桃不同贮藏期糖度和硬度的可行性,进一步预测水蜜桃的最佳贮藏期。采用漫透射和漫反射方式采集4个贮藏阶段的水蜜桃光谱,并测量糖度和硬度。分析了4个阶段水蜜桃的平均光谱,光谱强度随着贮藏天数增加而不断提高,且在650～680 nm区域内受果皮颜色及色素的变化产生波峰偏移。同时,分析了糖度和硬度的变化,糖度在贮藏期间逐渐提高,硬度在贮藏期间快速下降,最终糖度增加了3.31%,硬度下降了58.8%。采用多元散射校正、S-G卷积平滑、归一化处理及基线校正等预处理方法来减少噪声和误差对光谱的影响,并使用无信息变量消除(UVE)和连续投影算法(SPA)筛选特征波长,最后利用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)分别建立糖度和硬度的预测模型。分析糖度、硬度的PLS回归系数与平均光谱的波形发现,糖度的高回归系数分布在光谱多处,而硬度的该系数均在波峰波谷附近。SPA和UVE筛选的特征波长建立的糖度模型效果不佳,而硬度模型效果良好。结果表明,漫透射和漫反射检测方式下,糖度的最佳预测相关系数(R_p)及预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0. 886,0.727和0.820,1.003,预处理方法分别是多元散射校正、平滑窗口宽度为3的S-G卷积平滑。此外,漫透射建立的硬度SPA-PLS模型,选用15个光谱变量,得到的R_p和RMSEP为0.798和0.976;而漫反射建立的UVE-PLS模型,选用113个光谱变量,得到的R_p和RMSEP为0.841和0.829。可以看出,漫透射方式预测水蜜桃贮藏期间的糖度更佳,而漫反射预测硬度更佳。利用可见/近红外光谱所建立的糖度和硬度预测模型,能够可靠地预测水蜜桃贮藏期内糖度和硬度的变化,对指导采摘、售卖时间和减少腐烂具有一定的参考价值。     

High pressure processing and storage of blueberries: effect on fruit hardness

Non-thermal preservation technologies such as high pressure processing (HPP) have low impact in original fruit flavours. The objective of this study was to process the whole blueberries by HPP and investigate the effect on its hardness after processing and during 7 and 28 days storage. Whole blueberry immersed in water was the best packaging option. The blueberries submitted to 200 and 600?MPa for 5–60?min and were stored at 3°C for 1 week. In another experiment, HPP blueberries (200 and 600?MPa for 10?min) were stored for 28 days. No difference in sensorial texture was observed between HPP and fresh unprocessed blueberry, although the instrumental hardness decreased significantly. Hardness was not affected by the processing time and was similar just after HPP and one-week storage. The hardness of HPP-processed blueberries was kept along 28 days storage without considerable weight loss as opposed to fresh fruits which collapsed.     

整体式催化剂活性组分负载策略及微波催化燃烧甲苯特性

针对催化剂活性组分脱落问题，采用载体预处理和添加硅溶胶的策略来强化活性组分负载，微波单模腔中催化燃烧甲苯以考察催化剂活性，并对牢固负载的催化剂进行表征分析。研究表明，常温下采用10%盐酸溶液对蜂窝状堇青石（CH）载体预处理、硅溶胶添加量与载体吸水量比值为0.125条件下所制备的Cu-Mn-Ce（硅溶胶）/CH催化剂脱落率为0.0129%，明显低于Cu-Mn-Ce/CH催化剂的0.950%。Cu-Mn-Ce（硅溶胶）/CH催化剂具有更小的活性颗粒尺寸、更大的比表面积和更多样的活性晶体，在甲苯进气浓度1000 mg/m³、进气量0.12 m³/h、微波功率200 W和床层温度350℃条件下，催化剂对甲苯的催化燃烧效率和矿化率分别为98.5%和87.9%；连续实验43 h后，催化剂活性保持稳定且活性组分脱落率低（0.0328%）。硅溶胶的添加增强了活性组分与载体之间的相互作用力，生成的硅氧烷化学键提高了活性组分的结合牢固度。     

近红外光谱预测猕猴桃硬度模型的简化研究

为简化猕猴桃硬度的预测模型,利用标准正态变量变换对猕猴桃1 000～2 500 nm近红外光谱进行预处理,在优选建模波段和采用净分析物预处理（NAP）降低建模主因子数两个方面简化猕猴桃硬度偏最小二乘（PLS）模型。结果表明,优选5 189～5 370 cm^-1,4 549～4 620 cm^-1,6 049～6 230 cm^-1,6 999～7 730 cm^-1,6 249～6 614 cm^-1等5个波段进行建模,NAP/PLS模型性能最佳,主因子数为5,校正集相关系数R2和均方根误差RMSECV分别为0.819 41和0.701 77,预测集相关系数R2和均方根误差RMSEP为0.780 67和0.882 71。与简化前的PLS模型相比,模型不仅更加简洁,而且预测能力和精度均有所提高。     

光学零件镀膜后光洁度与牢固度的探讨

对影响科研、试制、生产零件光洁度和膜层牢固度的因素进行了分析，并提出一些改进措施.     

Study and modelling of two apple quality attributes: the soluble solids content and the firmness

Recently, the basic dynamics of fruit characteristics have been modelled using a stochastic approach. The time evolution of apple quality attributes was represented by means of a system of differential equations in which the initial conditions and model parameters are both random. In this work, a complete study of two apple quality attributes, the soluble solids content and the firmness, is carried out. For each of these characteristics, the system of differential equations is linear and the state variables and the parameters are represented as random variables with their statistical properties (mean values, variances, covariances, joint probability density function) known at the initial time. The dynamic behaviour of these statistical properties is analysed. The variance propagation algorithm is used to obtain an analytical expression of the dynamic behaviour of the mean value, the variance, the covariance and the probability density function. A Monte Carlo method and the Latin hypercube method were developed to obtain a numerical expression of the dynamic behaviour of these statistical quantities and particularly to follow the time evolution of joint probability density function which represents one but the best mean to characterize random phenomena linked with fruit quality attributes.     

不同成熟度双孢菇硬度的拉曼光谱无损检测

以拉曼光谱技术结合化学计量学方法实现两类不同成熟度的双孢菇菌盖硬度的建模预测分析。将菌盖直径平均值2~3 cm的样品划为Ⅰ类成熟度,3~5 cm为Ⅱ类。对两类样品分别取65个进行光谱采集并测量硬度,分别采用标准正态变量变换、基线校正、一阶导数、二阶导数4种方法预处理,建立偏最小二乘模型(PLS)。比较模型效果得出最佳预处理方法均为一阶导,但Ⅰ类建模的预测相关系数(R_p)和均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.887和0.444,Ⅱ类的R_p和RMSEP分别为0.896和0.435。结果表明Ⅱ类成熟度蘑菇的硬度预测比Ⅰ类更为准确,在同等条件下,Ⅱ类蘑菇硬度的变化更可准确预测,其贮藏保鲜更有规律可循。     

Evaluation of bread firmness by Instron compression tests

The force-compression behaviour of three types of bread has been studied with an Instron machine at crosshead speeds of 25, 50 and 100 cm min^–1. Agreement with sensory evaluation of firmness, either in the mouth or by squeezing samples between the fingers, was achieved only at 100 cm min^–1 and with a compression of at least 50%. Part of the applied force appears to be used to overcome surface friction effects.This paper is based on the dissertation submitted by one of the authors (A.M.A.S.) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M. Sc. in Food and Management Science of the University of London.     

用动力学方法检测水果坚实度的研究进展

近年来,许多发达国家对水果坚实度进行了广泛地研究,探索坚实度检验的新方法．水果坚实度是表征水果成熟程度和品质的重要物理指标,对水果的收获、储藏和销售均具有重要意义．本文从力学的角度综述了国外这方面的研究工作,着重介绍了用动力学方法进行水果无损坚实度估计的原理和水果固有频率与坚实度的关系．