可见光驱使铜盐催化芳香烃二氟烷基化反应

以CuI为铜源, 通过原位形成光催化剂的途径, 实现了室温下可见光驱使铜催化溴二氟乙酸乙酯、溴二氟酰胺等对芳烃及杂芳烃的二氟烷基化反应. 该反应条件温和、原料廉价易得、底物适用范围广、产率较高, 为合成二氟烷基(杂)芳烃化合物提供了一种方法. 机理研究表明, 该反应可能经历了单电子转移的自由基反应历程.     

多组分参与的氟烷基化反应研究进展

多组分参与的氟烷基化反应是当前有机氟化学研究的一个热点.在过去的几年里,由于新试剂新方法的不断涌现,多组分参与的氟烷基化反应取得了长足的进展,不仅可以经济有效地一步将氟烷基基团与其他官能团同步引入,而且可以将起始原料转化为多种含有生物活性或药物活性的化合物.按照三组分二氟烷基化反应、三组分三氟甲基化反应、三组分全氟烷基化反应、三组分单氟烷基化反应、三组分氟化反应以及四组分氟烷基化反应和总结7个部分,总结了多组分参与的氟烷基化反应在过去近十年时间里的发展进程,同时对该类反应进行了总结和展望.     

过渡金属促进的二氟烷基化和一氟烷基化反应研究进展

过渡金属参与的氟烷基化反应是当前有机氟化学研究的一个热点. 在过去的五年里, 由于新试剂新方法的发展, 过渡金属促进的全氟烷基化反应取得了长足的发展. 与全氟烷基化相比, 二氟和一氟烷基化反应不但可以方便地向分子中引入一个或几个氟原子, 还可以同时引入其它官能团, 因此在合成的步骤经济性上具有比直接氟化更大的优势. 尽管过渡金属促进的二氟和一氟烷基化反应是伴随着全氟烷基化反应而发展起来的, 在反应形式上与后者有很多相似之处, 但是二氟和一氟烷基化反应发展相对缓慢, 仍然存在发展空间. 在这篇综述里面, 我们首次全面地总结了过渡金属促进的二氟和一氟烷基化反应在过去近三十年时间里的发展进程. 全文包括五部分: 第一部分是引言, 从总体上介绍了二氟和一氟烷基化在氟化学中的地位; 第二、三两部分着重把官能团化的二氟烷基化反应和一氟烷基化反应按照反应的种类(即: 不饱和卤代烃的氟烷基化、不饱和体系碳-氢键氟烷基化、有机硼以及金属试剂的氟烷基化、不饱和碳-碳键的加成)进行了梳理; 第四部分为了强调二氟和一氟甲基化在氟烷基化中的重要地位, 将其单独介绍; 最后一部分是总结和展望.     

Synthesis of 1‐Difluoroalkylated Isoquinolines via Palladium‐Catalyzed Radical Cascade Difluoroalkylation–Cyclization of Vinyl Isocyanides with Bromodifluoroacetic Derivatives

A general method was developed for the synthesis of 1‐difluoroalkyl isoquinolines via the palladium‐catalyzed radical cascade difluoroalkylation–cyclization of vinyl isocyanides with bromodifluoroacetic derivatives. The difluoroalkylated cyclization products were readily converted to various other valuable gem ‐difluoro‐containing compounds.     

Copper‐Catalyzed Highly Stereoselective Trifluoromethylation and Difluoroalkylation of Secondary Propargyl Sulfonates

It is challenging to stereoselectively introduce a trifluoromethyl group (CF₃) into organic molecules. To date, only limited strategies involving direct asymmetric trifluoromethylation have been reported. Herein, we describe a new strategy for direct asymmetric trifluoromethylation through the copper‐catalyzed stereospecific trifluoromethylation of optically active secondary propargyl sulfonates. The reaction enables propargylic trifluoromethylation with high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. The reaction could also be extended to stereospecific propargylic difluoroalkylation. Transformations of the resulting enantiomerically enriched fluoroalkylated alkynes led to a variety of chiral fluoroalkylated compounds, thus providing a useful protocol for applications in the synthesis of fluorinated complexes.     

Progress in Visible Light‐Induced Difluroalkylation of Olefins

The incorporation of difluoromethylated (CF₂) moiety into potentially useful parent molecules lead to significant changes in metabolic stability, lipophilicity, and solubility of the molecules. Over the past several years, with the advent of new difluoromethylating reagents, great progress has been made in the development of a protocol for the direct incorporation of the CF₂H group into organic molecules. Among them, difluroalkylation induced by visible light has emerged as an efficient strategy over the past few years. In particular, this protocol provides a more sustainable alternative to other traditional radical‐triggered reactions in terms of environment, energy, step‐economy, health, and safety. The present review mainly focuses on the development of the photocatalytic difluoroalkylation to olefinic moiety using transition‐metal complexes, organic dyes as the photocatalyst; and some organic compounds as a medium of photocatalysis.     

Construction of Difluoroalkylated Cyclopentenones through Photocatalytic Difluoroalkylative 5-endo Cyclization Cascades of Ynones

Difluoroalkyl groups and cyclopentenones are both important units in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. The difuoroalkylation coupled with a cyclopentenone formation still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a visible-light-induced cascade difluoroalkylative 5-endo cyclization of ynones with difluoroalkyl bromides to access difluoroalkylated cyclopentenones, which may find wide applications for the concise synthesis of fluorinated cyclic molecules.