Concise Synthesis of (±)-Clopidogrel via Carboxylation of Benzylamine with CO2

A concise and efficient synthesis of (±)-clopidogrel, an antithrombotic agent, is achieved by inserting CO₂ at the benzylic position as the key reaction without using any toxic transition metals. The overall yield of the synthetic process is 38% and the salient features include operationally simple process chemistry and fewer steps.     

Sensitivity enhancement and matrix effect evaluation during summation of multiple transition pairs—case studies of clopidogrel and ramiprilat

Sensitivity enhancement via summation of multiple MRM transition pairs is gaining popularity in tandem mass spectrometric assays. Numerous validation experiments describing the assays for two model substrates, clopidogrel and ramiprilat, were performed. The quantitation of clopidogrel was achieved by the summation of transition pairs m/z 322.2 to m/z 212.0 and m/z 322.2 to m/z 184.0, while that of ramiprilat was achieved by the summation of transition pairs m/z 389.2 to m/z 206.1 and m/z 389.2 to m/z156.1. The use of summation approach achieved sensitivities of >2 fold for both compounds as compared with the reported single MRM transition pair assays. The validation experiments addressed some important assay development issues, such as: (a) lack of impact of matrix effect; (b) unequivocal verification of the percentage contribution of each MRM transition pair towards sensitivity; (c) sensitivity enhancement factor achieved by summation approach of MRM transition pairs; and (d) accurate prediction of quality control samples using summation approach vs a single MRM transition pair. In summary, the appropriateness of using two MRM transition pairs for quantitation was demonstrated for both clopidogrel and ramiprilat. Additionally, pharmacokinetic application of the MRM transition pair assays using a summation approach was established for the two compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氯吡格雷抵抗机制的研究进展及临床处理策略

冠心病患者尽管接受了标准的氯吡格雷治疗，但仍有一部分患者对氯吡咯雷表现为低反应甚至无反应，称为氯吡格雷抵抗。导致这种抵抗现象的可能原因包括患者个体的基因多态性和药物之间的相互作用等。临床处理的主要对策有提高氯吡格雷的给药剂量和采用新型药物等。笔者就现有的临床研究证据对氯吡格雷抵抗的定义、发生机制及临床干预策略进行了综述。     

3种药物分子的1H和13C NMR谱线全指定

应用1D和2D NMR技术,对3种药物分子：比卡鲁胺(Bicalutamide)、马来酸罗格列酮(Rosiglitazone Maleate)、氯吡格雷硫酸盐(Clopidogrel Hydrogensulfate)的¹H和¹³C NMR的谱峰进行了准确归属.     

Selective Oxidation of Clopidogrel by Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Sodium Halide (NaX) System: An NMR Study

A selective transformation of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CLP) by reactive halogen species (HOX) generated from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and sodium halide (NaX) is described. Other sustainable oxidants as well as different solvents have also been investigated. As result of this study, for each sodium salt the reaction conditions were optimized, and four different degradation products were formed. Three products were halogenated at C-2 on the thiophene ring and have concomitant functional transformation, such as N-oxide in the piperidine group. A halogenated endo-iminium product was also observed. With this condition, a fast preparation of known endo-iminium clopidogrel impurity (new counterion) was reported as well. The progress of the reaction was monitored using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an analytical tool and all the products were characterized by 1D-, 2D-NMR and HRMS.     

Preparation and characterization of amorphous,I and II forms of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate

In this work the amorphous, I and II forms of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CHS) were prepared and characterized by use of powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The labile precipitate and oiling out during reactive crystallization were also firstly reported. Based on the solubility and thermochemical data, the amorphous form and I form is found to be monotropically related, while the I form and II form are enantiotropically related. In addition, both transformations from anhydrous form to I form and from I form to II form are greatly temperature‐dependent, which gives us a window to prepare each pure form. These results will contribute a better understanding about the polymorphic nature and crystallization mechanism of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Simultaneous quantitation of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel along with their metabolites in human plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

The interest in therapeutic drug monitoring has increased over the last few years. Inter‐ and intra‐patient variability in pharmacokinetics, plasma concentration related toxicity and success of therapy have stressed the need of frequent therapeutic drug monitoring of the drugs. A sensitive, selective and rapid liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), salicylic acid, clopidogrel and carboxylic acid metabolite of clopidogrel in human plasma. The chromatographic separations were achieved on Waters Symmetry Shield^TM C₁₈ column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using 3.5 mm ammonium acetate (pH 3.5)–acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. The present method was successfully applied for therapeutic drug monitoring of aspirin and clopidogrel in 67 patients with coronary artery disease. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of number of calibration standards within a defined range on pharmacokinetic disposition—case studies with omeprazole and clopidogrel carboxylic acid

While the practice of using a smaller number of non‐zero standards (typically seven to eight) has not been entertained in routine bioanalytical work, it is important to innovate and be pragmatic about minimizing the number of calibration standards to promote cost‐effective and speedy assessment. In this exercise, two important compounds, omeprazole and clopidogrel carboxylic acid, were considered. Additionally, both analytes offered a 1000‐fold calibration curve range with eight non‐zero standards to permit a systematic evaluation. Accordingly various scenarios of post‐hoc analysis of the calibration data were formulated which included step‐wise reduction of the number of calibration standards from a maximum of n = 8 to a minimum of n = 3. In all the scenarios evaluated in this exercise, a calibration curve was reconstructed and both quality control samples and in vivo pharmacokinetics were calculated in each instance. Based on the data generated in this exercise, a minimum of three non‐zero calibration standards were adequate to predict the quality control samples with the predefined accuracy and precision estimates for both omeprazole and clopidogrel carboxylic acid. Additionally, the in vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of the chosen compounds was not hampered by the reduction of calibration standards (from n = 8 to n = 3). Hence, consideration for reducing number of calibration standards in bioanalytical work may provide a viable alternative in several situations such as formulation screening strategies, routine therapeutic drug monitoring and sparse sample analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of clopidogrel in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study

A rapid and sensitive LC/MS/MS assay was developed and validated for the determination of clopidogrel in human plasma. Clopidogrel was extracted by single liquid-liquid extraction with pentane, and chromatographic separations were achieved on a C(18) column. The method was validated to demonstrate the specificity, linearity, recovery, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), stability, accuracy and precision. The multiple reaction monitoring was based on m/z transition of 322.2 --> 211.9 for clopidogrel and 264.1 --> 125.1 for ticlopidine (internal standard). The total analytical run time was relatively short (3 min), and the LLOQ was 10 pg/mL using 0.5 mL of human plasma. The assay was linear over a concentration range from 10 to 10,000 pg/mL (r > 0.999). The intra- and inter-day accuracies were 101.3-108.8 and 98.4-103.5%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day assay precisions were 1.9-5.5 and 4.4-8.1%, respectively. The developed assay method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers after oral administration of clopidogrel at a dose of 150 mg.     

Interaction study of aspirin or clopidogrel on pharmacokinetics of donepezil hydrochloride in rats by HPLC-fluorescence detection

The present study aims to investigate the possibility of interaction of aspirin (Asp) or clopidogrel (CG) on donepezil (DP) hydrochloride in rats by HPLC-fluorescence detection. The separation of DP was achieved in ca. 13 min without interference of Asp and CG on the chromatogram. DP levels in rat plasma with a single administration of DP (5 mg/kg, i.p., group I) and those with a co-administration of Asp (200 mg/kg, p.o., group II or 200 mg/kg, i.p., group III) or CG (5 mg/kg, p.o., group IV) were monitored. The DP concentrations determined in rat plasma ranged from 25.0 to 336.1 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic parameters for these groups were calculated and compared with one another. No significant difference was observed on the comparison of group I with other groups except for the mean resident time of group IV (p = 0.012). These basic findings may help clinical inference when DP is co-administered with Asp and CG to human.