硝酸甲酯与不同亲核试剂的SN2反应的理论研究

用从头计算和半经验分子轨道ＡＭ１方法分别对系列亲核试剂和硝酸甲酯的电子结构以及它们之间的气相ＳＮ２反应进行了理论研究，揭示了反应过程中体系的结构，能量和电荷的递变规律，由反应活化能得了这些亲核试剂的亲核性次序为：ＯＨ＾－〉Ｆ＾－〉Ｉ＾－〉ＮＯ＾－３〉ＣＮ＾－〉Ｂｒ＾－〉Ｃｌ＾－〉Ｎ＾－３。     

Novel Lewis-base ionic liquids replacing typical anions

We have synthesized two kinds of new Lewis-base ionic liquids (ILs); one is based on the relatively strong Lewis basic acetate anion, and the other is a salt composed of a mono-alkylated diamine such that the Lewis base site is incorporated in the cation. 1-Octyl-4-aza-1-azonia-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, [C₈dabco]TFSA, and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium acetate, [p_1,4]OAc, melted into fluid liquids at 26 and 81 °C, respectively. The thermal decomposition of [p_1,4]OAc started at around 150 °C, whereas the thermal stability of [C₈dabco]TFSA was almost equal to that of typical TFSA-based ILs in spite of the Lewis base site. This suggests that if the Lewis base site is incorporated into the cation the IL can maintain higher thermal stability. In addition, as a further result of the presence of the basic nitrogen, [C₈dabco]TFSA can dissolve hydrated Cu(NO₃)₂ whereas the other TFSA-based ILs cannot.     

用Hirshfeld电荷定量标度亲电性和亲核性:含氮体系(英文)

准确预测化学过程中分子内各原子提供或接受电子的能力以及化学反应可能的位点,即定量确定亲电性、亲核性和区域选择性,是一个十分重要却仍然亟待解决的课题.此前,基于我们新近提出的信息守恒原理,曾建议使用Hirshfeld电荷和信息增益作为两个等价的描述符用于此目的.我们的这个想法已经被成功地应用于两个系列的分子体系,且其有效性得到了充分的验证.然而,先前我们只考察了碳元素的这些性质,所以其结论的普遍性仍存在疑问.我们尚不清楚它是否适用于其他元素,而且对于同一元素的不同价态该结论是否适用也不清楚.为此,本文将考察含氮体系.对5个不同类别的含氮体系共计40个分子进行了研究,其中包括重氮苯、偶氮、重氮、一级和二级胺体系.结果表明,对所有五个含氮体系其Hirshfeld电荷与实验得到的亲电性和亲核性标度之间仍然存在着较强的线性关联.然而,这些相关性却依赖于氮元素的化合价类型和键合环境.该线性关系只能在同一类型中成立.我们对其可能的原因进行了讨论.     

Stable silylenes with acyclic, cyclic, and unsaturated cyclic structures: Effects of heteroatoms and cyclopropyl α-substituents at DFT

The effects of alkyl, amino, phosphino, oxy, and thio moieties on the stability, multiplicity and reactivity of α-cyclopropylsilylenes with acyclic, cyclic, and unsaturated cyclic structures are compared and contrasted at B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31G∗ level. The simultaneous stabilizing effects of heteroatom and cyclopropyl α-substituents on the above silylenes create the following trend of singlet-triplet energy gaps (?E_S-T): amino ≈ oxy > thio > alkyl > phosphino. The ΔE_S-T values for all the above silylenes increase through cyclization, because cyclization stabilizes singlet states of all our α-heteroatom substitued silylenes while destabilizes their corresponding triplet states. The ΔE_S-T values for all the heteroatom substituted cyclic silylenes decrease upon unsaturation, due to the higher stabilization of triplet compared to the singlet state. Interestingly, isodesmic reactions showed the phosphino substituents stabilize the triplet more than the corresponding singlet states, not only in the unsaturated form but also in the acyclic and cyclic structures. This is in contrast to cyclopropyl which stabilizes singlet considerably more than the corresponding triplet states. The reactivity of the above silylenes is discussed in terms of nucleophilicity, and electrophilicity; showing phosphino- and aminocyclopropylsilylenes more nucleophilic than oxy- and thiocyclopropylsilylenes.     

Nucleophilic reactivities of Schiff base derivatives of amino acids

Treatment of α-imino esters derived from glycine esters and benzophenone or benzaldehydes with potassium tert butoxide in DMSO gave persistent solutions of carbanions at 20?°C. The kinetics of their reactions with quinone methides and benzylidene malonates (reference electrophiles) have been followed photometrically under pseudo-first order conditions. The reactions followed second-order rate laws. Since addition of 18-crown-6 ether did not affect the reaction rates, the measured rate constants correspond to the reactions of the non-paired carbanions. Plots of the second-order rate constants against the electrophilicity parameters E of the electrophiles are linear, which allowed us to derive the nucleophile-specific parameters N and s_N, according to the linear Gibbs energy relationship lg k₂(20?°C)?=?s_N(N + E). The Ph₂C?=?N- and PhCH?=?N- groups act as very weak electron acceptors with the consequence that Ph₂C?=?N-CH^–-CO₂R and PhCH?=?N-CH^–-CO₂R have a similar nucleophilicity as Ph-CH^–-CO₂Et, the anion of ethyl phenylacetate.     

The reactivity of a nucleophilic nickel acylate complex

The reactivity of a nucleophilic nickel acylate complex with a tungsten carbene complex, Fe(CO)₅, Cr(CO)₆, PPh₃, and CO was investigated. With the tungsten carbene complex, a methyl transfer occurred. With the metal carbonyl complexes, the acylate group on the nickel and a carbonyl on the iron or chromium traded places. With the PPh₃ and CO, the acylate anion was replaced by the phosphine or CO ligand.     

Kinetic study of nucleophilic reactivity of heterocyclic amines with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan in acetonitrile

The reaction kinetics of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan with five heterocyclic amines was investigated spectrophotometrically (UV–Vis) in acetonitrile at 20 °C. It was observed that the rate constants of these reactions increased as follows: 2-aminopyrimidine > 2-aminothiazole > 2-aminobenzothiazole > 5-amino-3,4-dimethylisoxazole > 2-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Further, second-order rate constants (k₁) pertaining to the C–N and C–C bond forming step of these complexation processes fit to the three parameter equation log k (20 °C) = s_N (N + E), allowing the determination of the nucleophilicity parameters (N) of the five heterocyclic amines. The heterocyclic amines were subsequently ranked on the comprehensive nucleophilicity scale defined by Mayr et al. (2003), providing a direct comparison of n-, π-, and σ-nucleophiles.     

Understanding the regio- and chemoselective polar [3+2] cycloaddition of the Padwa carbonyl ylides with α-methylene ketones. A DFT study

The regio- and chemoselective polar [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) of the Padwa carbonyl ylide (CY) with α-methylene ketone (αMK) to yield the oxa-bridged spirocycloadduct has been studied using the DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level. Six reactive channels associated to the stereo-, regio-, and chemoselective approach modes of the CY to the CC and CO reactive sites of the αMK have been analyzed. DFT calculations for this cycloaddition are in complete agreement with the experimental outcome, explaining the reactivity and selectivity of the formation of the [3+2] cycloadduct. Analysis of the global and local electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indices allows an explanation about the regio- and chemoselectivity of this 32CA reaction. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations and the topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) of the relevant points of the favored reactive channel explain the one-step two-stage nature of the mechanism of this cycloaddition.     

Combinative use of high-pressure, metal-templating and sulfur-nucleophilicity towards dithiacyclophane synthesis and its complex intermediates

Combined use of elevated pressure in the liquid phase (15 kbar), a metal template and the sulfur nucleophilicity of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(P-P)₂] (P-P = diphosphine or 2 · monophosphine) facilitates the one-pot synthesis of 3,8-dibenzo-1,6-dithiacyclodecane. Under r.t.p., nucleophilic addition of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(P-P)₂] [P-P = 2 · PPh₃; Ph₂P(CH₂)_nPPh₂, n = 2, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 3, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp)] with α-α′-dichloro-o-xylene would terminate as a dithiolato bridged cation viz. [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂C₆H₄CH₂S)(P-P)₂]²⁺. Under high pressure (15 kbar) at r.t., these stoichiometric reactions progress via a “catalytic-like” pathway to yield 3,8-dibenzo-1,6-dithiacyclodecane (up to 35%), and a series of mechanistically relevant intermediates and byproducts. The dithiolated intermediates [Pt₂(μ-SCH₂C₆H₄CH₂S)(P-P)₂]²⁺ for PPh₃ and dppp have been isolated as complexes and their crystal structure determined. The formation of 3,8-dibenzo-1,6-dithiacyclodecane demonstrates a convenient synthetic strategy over the multi-step synthesis of this macrocyclic dithioether.     

密度泛函活性理论中的信息论方法

密度泛函活性理论(DFRT)运用简单的密度泛函探讨和定量化分子的反应活性,是近来发展起来的一个关于分子活性理论的新方法。在新近的文献中,这样的简单密度泛函的例子包括香农熵,费舍尔信息以及其它来自信息论中的密度泛函。本文综述了DFRT信息论方法的原理,包括物理信息极小原理、最小信息增益原理和信息守恒原理。总结了DFRT信息论方法在电子密度、形态密度和分子中的原子三种表述下的理论框架。此外,还介绍了运用信息论方法在定量描述空间位阻效应、亲电性、亲核性和区域选择性中的突出应用,以及对亲电芳香取代反应的邻对间位取代效应的起源和本质提供的一个全新诠释。最后简要地展望了该领域的几个可能的未来发展方向。