Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubble during expansion over sharp-edge geometry submerged in liquid – an inside view by diffuse illumination

Laser ablation in liquids is growing in popularity for various applications including nanoparticle production, breakdown spectroscopy, and surface functionalization. When laser pulse ablates the solid target submerged in liquid, a cavitation bubble develops. In case of “finite” geometries of ablated solids, liquid dynamical phenomena can occur inside the bubble when the bubble overflows the surface edge. To observe this dynamics, we use diffuse illumination of a flashlamp in combination with a high-speed videography by exposure times down to 250 ns. The developed theoretical modelling and its comparison with the experimental observations clearly prove that this approach widens the observable area inside the bubble. We thereby use it to study the dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubble during its expansion over a sharp-edge (“cliff-like” 90°) geometry submerged in water, ethanol, and polyethylene glycol 300. The samples are 17 mm wide stainless steel plates with thickness in the range of 0.025–2 mm. Bubbles are induced on the samples by 1064-nm laser pulses with pulse durations of 7–60 ns and pulse energies of 10–55 mJ. We observe formation of a fixed-type secondary cavity behind the edge where low-pressure area develops due to bubble-driven flow of the liquid. This occurs when the velocity of liquid overflow exceeds ~20 m s⁻¹. A re-entrant liquid injection with up to ~40 m s⁻¹ velocity may occur inside the bubble when the bubble overflows the edge of the sample. Formation and characteristics of the jet evidently depend on the relation between the breakdown-edge offset and the bubble energy, as well as the properties of the surrounding liquid. Higher viscosity of the liquid prevents the generation of the jet.     

Interface and defects engineering for multilayer laser coatings

High-reflective multilayer laser coatings are widely used in advanced optical systems from high power laser facilities to high precision metrology systems. However, the real interface quality and defects will significantly affect absorption/scattering losses and laser induced damage thresholds of multilayer coatings. With the recent advances in the control of coating design and deposition processes, these coating properties can be significantly improved when properly engineered the interface and defects. This paper reviews the recent progress in the physics of laser damage, optical losses and environmental stability involved in multilayer reflective coatings for high power nanosecond near-infrared lasers. We first provide an overview of the layer growth mechanisms, ways to control the microstructures and reduce layer roughness, as well as the nature of defects which are critical to the optical loss and laser induced damage. Then an overview of interface engineering based on the design of coating structure and the regulation of deposition materials reveals their ability to improve the laser induced damage threshold, reduce the backscattering, and realize the desirable properties of environmental stability and exceptional multifunctionality. Moreover, we describe the recent progress in the laser damage and scattering mechanism of nodule defects and give the approaches to suppress the defect-induced damage and scattering of the multilayer laser coatings. Finally, the present challenges and limitations of high-performance multilayer laser coatings are highlighted, along with the comments on likely trends in future.     

喷流冷却复合陶瓷薄片激光器的热特性仿真分析及实验研究

为分析喷流冷却复合陶瓷薄片激光器的热特性,设计用于冷却复合陶瓷薄片的喷流冷却系统.利用湍流换热理论和计算流体动力学仿真方法建立喷流冷却复合陶瓷薄片激光器的流固耦合热仿真模型,定义评价其冷却能力和冷却均匀性的定量参数.根据该仿真模型得到喷流冷却系统的最优设计参数,并进行实验验证.使用163孔喷板,流量为0.2kg/s,入口温度为20℃,在1200 W泵浦时获得359 W激光输出功率,并测得复合陶瓷薄片上表面的最高温度为92℃.激光输出功率与复合陶瓷薄片上表面温度均与泵浦功率呈近似正线性关系,且温度的实验值与仿真值相符度较高.     

碳纤维复合材料的激光清洗等离子体光谱在线检测研究

近年来碳纤维复合材料（CFRP）由于性能优异，受到工业领域广泛关注。采用激光清洗技术预处理碳纤维复合材料表面的污染物和环氧树脂等杂质，有利于改善碳纤维复合材料表面性能，提高碳纤维复合材料胶接界面的结合强度。在线检测激光清洗过程，实时判断碳纤维复合材料的表面清洗质量，是保证激光清洗效果的关键环节，也是激光清洗装置自动化、集成化的核心技术。激光诱导等离子体光谱技术可以快速分析材料表面元素变化，实现在线检测激光清洗表面状态，在激光清洗领域有很广的应用前景。采用Nd∶YAG高能量脉冲激光器产生的1 064 nm激光在空气环境中诱导产生等离子体，利用改进型光栅光谱仪(ME5000)获取等离子体光谱，在线检测激光清洗碳纤维复合材料。研究外界空气环境对等离子体光谱检测结果的影响，发现350~700 nm波段的元素谱线可用于碳纤维复合材料表面物质成分分析；采用电子扫描显微镜观测的激光清洗表面形貌和X射线电子能谱仪测得的元素变化共同表征等离子体光谱检测的有效性，通过采集不同激光能量以及不同作用次数的等离子体光谱图，获得碳纤维复合材料表层树脂物质通过激光单次清洗干净的阈值，研究激光清洗质量与激光诱导等离子体谱线成分及其强度变化的关系。结果表明：在获取的激光诱导等离子体光谱中，光谱图中谱线波长在393.3 nm的S(Ⅱ)和589.5 nm的S(Ⅱ)谱线可有效在线表征碳纤维复合材料表面清洗质量；激光单次去除干净表面环氧树脂的阈值为10.68 mJ；低激光能量时需要清洗多次可以去除干净表面树脂；高激光能量时清洗单次可使表面树脂去除干净，多次清洗易造成基体损伤。实验结果为激光清洗碳纤维复合材料的智能集成化应用提供工艺依据和技术支持。     

表面粗糙度对激光诱导击穿光谱信号的影响

硅橡胶复合绝缘子是高压输电线路的关键设备，长期在复杂外界环境条件下带电运行后会发生表面老化，表现为粉化、褪色、粗糙度和硬度上升等现象。粗糙度作为复合绝缘子的老化特征量之一，其测量是复合绝缘子在线带电检测的难题。激光诱导击穿光谱技术(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)适用于开展输电线路复合材料的远程在线检测，但粗糙度对LIBS信号的影响还没有得到系统的研究，利用这种基体效应进行绝缘子表面粗糙度的测量尚无报道。制备了不同粗糙度的硅橡胶新样品，与500 kV线路退运的复合绝缘子样品进行对比分析，研究了硅橡胶材料的粗糙度对LIBS信号的影响，结果表明，对于新制备硅橡胶材料随着粗糙度的增加，各主体元素特征谱线强度会随之增强，不同主体元素之间的原子谱线强度比（Si 288.2 nm/C 247.9 nm和Al 394.4 nm/Si 288.2 nm）随之下降，说明样品粗糙度对LIBS测量结果影响显著。但特征谱线强度及不同主体元素原子谱线强度比与粗糙度之间的函数关系不明显，难以用于粗糙度测量。硅橡胶的主体元素为Si，Al，C和O等，考虑元素含量及特征谱线的选取方便选择Si为主要分析元素。对于Si原子谱线强度比，选取了两条上能级相近（E_ki＝40 991.88, 39 955.05 cm-1）的原子谱线（SiⅠ288.2 nm，SiⅠ250.7 nm）作为分析线，在满足局部热力学平衡与光学薄的条件下两条谱线的强度比应为定值，但样品粗糙度的改变会影响脉冲激光烧蚀材料表面的过程，从而改变等离子体的状态，使得谱线强度比值也随之变化。上述两条硅原子谱线强度比和粗糙度建立的定标关系，线性相关系数为0.88。对于500 kV输电线路退运的老化硅橡胶材料，其表面由于老化有部分氢氧化铝填料析出，使得基体成分不均匀性更为显著，其表面也变得更为粗糙，这导致一对谱线强度比值作为定标函数，实用性降低。因此针对老化硅橡胶材料，除了选择Si元素谱线(SiⅠ250.7 nm，SiⅠ251.4 nm，SiⅠ251.9 nm)以外，还引入了Al元素谱线(AlⅠ305.7 nm, AlⅠ305.9 nm)，利用三组谱线强度比进行多元回归分析，对于两个实测粗糙度为2.659和2.523 μm老化硅橡胶样品，LIBS测量的相对误差分别为0.218和0.189。结果表明对同样成分的复合材料，表面粗糙度对LIBS信号的影响是必须考虑的，而利用这种基体效应，开展远程在线测试复合绝缘子表面粗糙度，对于高压输电线路检测运维具有重要的应用价值。     

焦炉上升管内壁结焦炭层的光谱学分析及结焦机理研究

以焦炉上升管内壁结焦炭层块为研究对象，采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）和激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对结焦炭层的元素组成，以及各结焦炭层的矿物组成、组成结构和分子结构进行测试。分析从结焦炭层块外表面向内表面过渡的各结焦炭层的差异性，揭示焦炉上升管内壁结焦机理。结果表明焦炉上升管内粉尘中Fe，S和Cr极易催化荒煤气中蒽、萘等稠环芳烃化合物成炭，在焦炉上升管内壁形成炭颗粒沉积，为焦油凝结挂壁提供载体，在荒煤气温度降至结焦温度时易结焦积碳。结焦炭层均含有芳香层结构，随着结焦炭层从外表面向内表面过渡，各结焦炭层的面层间距(d₀₀₂)逐渐降低、层片直径(L_a)先降低后增加、层片堆砌高度(Lc)和芳香层数(N)先稳定后增加。结焦炭层石墨化过程是由结焦炭层内表面向外表面进行，主要包括其片层外缘的羧基和部分C-O结构的降解剥离，从而形成高度规整的共轭结构。结焦炭层块中C元素是以结晶碳与无定型碳的混合物形式存在。以上研究为解决焦炉上升管内壁结焦及腐蚀问题，提高换热器换热效率，有效回收焦炉荒煤气显热，降低焦化企业能耗提供实验基础和理论依据。     

Laser-induced crystalline phase transition from rutile to anatase of niobium doped TiO2

The investigation of the laser-induced crystalline phase transition of niobium doped TiO₂ single crystal is discussed in this paper. The TiO₂ single crystal was studied by using Raman spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction before and after irradiation by 266?nm?ns laser at the threshold intensity of 56?MW/cm². Experimental results show an evidence of anatase phase formation from rutile single crystal. Moreover, the analysis of the experimentally obtained and calculated crystallographic texture indicates that the converted TiO₂ layer has a polycrystalline structure with the preferred orientations. According to the Raman spectroscopy the amount of anatase phase increases with the number of laser pulses indicating the dose-dependent conversion process.     

基于ABC-SV R算法的拉曼光谱检测混合油脂肪酸含量

提出了一种基于激光拉曼光谱和人工蜂群智能优化支持向量回归机(ABC-SVR)算法的快速定量检测三组分混和油中3种脂肪酸含量的方法。该方法针对光谱数据信息与样本之间非线性、高维度的关系，建立了预测精度及建模效率均高于同类对比算法的数学模型，同时避免了气相色谱法、液相色谱法等对混合油脂肪酸含量的检测方式，根据纯种油中3种脂肪酸含量的国际标准，由油品配置体积得到脂肪酸质量，有效降低了检测成本与实验复杂程度，提高了检测工作的实用价值。首先根据一定梯度配置66组混合油检测样品，使用便携式拉曼光谱仪采集样本的拉曼光谱信息，扣除背景噪声；观察多组样本的拉曼光谱图可知，由于官能团浓度的差异，食用油的拉曼特征峰位移基本相同，特征峰的峰值明显不同，因此基于特征峰信息可以区分食用调和油的不同混合物；其次对拉曼光谱做背景扣除、光谱平滑、最大值谱线归一化三步预处理，以降低实验中不可控的外界因素及背景荧光的影响，准确提取光谱特征峰强度信息；然后根据纯种油中3种脂肪酸的国际标准含量，结合国家食品法典委员会标准CODEX STAN210-1999《指定的植物油法典标准》中规定的纯种油密度中值，由油品体积得到脂肪酸质量数；随机选取56组样本数据作为训练集，剩余10组样本数据作为预测集；以训练集光谱特征峰强度和脂肪酸质量分别作为回归模型的输入及输出值，建立SVR和PSO-SVR，ABC-SVR三种混合优化算法对比的定量分析模型，对测试集的3种脂肪酸含量分别进行预测；最后通过均方误差(MSE)、相关系数(r)及建模时间(Elapsed time)分别进行对比，建立数据表对模型精准度进行检验。实验结果表明，通过ABC-SVR定量分析模型效果最佳，3种脂肪酸含量预测值与真实值的均方差分别为0.88×10-4，16×10-4和8×10-4，均低于0.002；相关系数分别为93.43%，99.65%和99.43%，均高于93%；预测时间(Elapsed time)分别为1.26，2.42和2.14 s。因此，所提出的检测方法，具备较高的精确度、较快的建模时间，且在理论上的类似条件下可适用于其他样品检测工作，可为振动光谱学对食用油掺伪分析的进一步工作提供可行的理论依据。