A review of recent advances in selective catalytic NOx reduction reactor technologies

Research on NOx treatment is extensive in recent years due to growing environmental awareness. Selec- tive catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx, as a proven technology, offers higher NOx control efficiency than many other NOx treatment methods. The present work reviews the recent development of SCR reactor technologies. Firstly, catalysts and mechanism of different SCRs were briefly summarized. Different SCR reactors, e.g. structured reactor, fluidized bed reactor and moving bed reactor, were then discussed. As a more advanced technology, multifunctional reactors were also developed for SCR process and could be divided into two categories： decoupled adsorption-reaction process and combined SCR system. The mechanism and properties of these processes were discussed in detail. Some recommendations were given for the future work in SCR reactor design. SCR reactor technology for emerging energy processes was also addressed, such as oxyfuel combustion and biofuel conversion processes, which put forward new requirements for SCR technologies and also open new opportunities for advanced design of SCR reactors.     

滑动弧等离子体固氮研究进展

传统工业固氮采用哈伯-博施(Haber-Bosch)工艺,但是需要高温高压,能耗高,污染严重。滑动弧等离子体(Gliding arc plasma, GAP)兼具热等离子体和冷等离子体的优点,能够高效地产生活性物种,显著提高能量效率,使其在固氮领域具有很大的潜在应用价值,近年来受到人们的广泛关注。然而,目前GAP固氮相关研究还比较零散,有必要对具体内容进行总结归纳。本文主要综述了近10年来国内外GAP固氮研究进展,主要包括GAP放电机制、反应器设计、工艺参数研究以及固氮反应机理研究。GAP放电存在击穿伴随滑动放电的B-G模式和持续稳定放电A-G模式,A-G模式放电有助于提高固氮效率。随着滑动弧放电技术的不断发展,GAP反应器中电极结构从传统的2D刀片结构演变到了多种3D柱形结构。通过工艺优化,GAP有助于N₂分子的振动激发,从而促进N₂分子的分裂转化。最后,对GAP固氮研究进行了展望。     

分子筛膜反应器的研究进展

分子筛膜具有规整的微孔结构(<1 nm), 耐高温高压、 抗有机溶剂, 在液相和气相小分子分离中受到广泛关注. 分子筛膜可以与催化反应耦合于一体构成膜反应器, 使反应过程与组分分离同时进行, 促进反应平衡移动, 达到反应强化的效果. 本文概述了近十年不同类型分子筛膜反应器在催化反应中的应用研究进展, 并对分子筛膜反应器未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

准东高碱煤气化过程中碱金属迁移与结渣特性实验研究

利用循环流化床对天池木垒高碱煤进行了气化实验研究,获得了天池木垒高碱煤在循环流化床上的结渣特性及碱金属迁移规律,并对实验中出现的床内颗粒聚团现象进行了分析。结果表明,不同存在形态的碱金属在煤气化过程中的迁移规律不同,水溶钠和醋酸铵溶钠在煤气化过程中以气态形式析出,不溶钠主要存在半焦中;随着气化温度升高,底渣和煤气中钠含量增加,飞灰中钠含量减少;尾部管道温度降低过程中,煤气中钠的冷凝速率明显高于钾;天池木垒高碱煤气化过程中容易引起床内颗粒聚团,床温越高,颗粒聚团现象越明显,床温波动越大;碱金属与灰分中矿物成分及床料中SiO₂反应生成黏性低温共熔物是导致颗粒聚团的关键。     

改进蚁群PID-神经元解耦的CFB锅炉燃烧系统控制

床温和主汽压都是循环流化床锅炉生产运行中的重要参数,会直接影响机组的安全性和经济性。但由于这两者对象存在非线性、大时延、强耦合等特点,其现场控制效果一直不太理想。本文首先采用自适应神经元将床温和主汽压解耦,再利用具有分工特征的蚁群算法优化参数的PID控制器对两者进行独立控制。采用该算法优化常规PID控制参数,能够实现控制参数的快速寻优。该方案应用于循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统仿真,结果表明能有效实现系统解耦,且具有响应快、超调量小等优点,有效地提高了控制品质。     

CFD SIMULATION OF FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING IN DOWNER REACTORS

A mathematical model has been developed for the simulation of gas-particle flow and fluid catalytic cracking in downer reactors. The model takes into account both cracking reaction and flow behavior through a four-lump reaction kinetics coupled with two-phase turbulent flow. The prediction results show that the relatively large change of gas velocity affects directly the axial distribution of solids velocity and void fraction, which significantly interact with the chemical reaction. Furthermore, model simulations are carried out to determine the effects of such parameters on product yields, as bed diameter, reaction temperature and the ratio of catalyst to oil, which are helpful for optimizing the yields of desired products. The model equations are coded and solved on CFX4.4.     

Magnetically stabilized bed reactor for selective hydrogenation of olefins in reformate with amorphous nickel alloy catalyst

A magnetically stabilized bed （MSB） reactor for selective hydrogenation of olefins in reformate was developed by combining the advantages of MSB and amorphous nickel alloy catalyst. The effects of operating conditions, such as temperature, pressure, liquid space velocity, hydrogen-to-oil ratio, and magnetic field intensity on the reaction were studied. A mathematical model of MSB reactor for hydrogenation of olefins in reformate was established. A reforming flow scheme with a post-hydrogenation MSB reactor was proposed. Finally, MSB hydrogenation was compared with clay treatment and conventional post-hydrogenation.     

行星式MOCVD反应器进口结构对AlN生长的气相反应和生长速率的影响

针对行星式MOCVD(Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)反应器进口结构对AlN生长的化学反应路径和生长速率的影响进行数值模拟研究,通过改变反应器进口形式、数量以及隔板位置发现,二重进口反应器倒置进口(即Ⅲ族在下,Ⅴ族在上)时,衬底前端的含Al粒子浓度明显升高,尤其是MMAl的浓度比传统进口反应器高两个数量级,气相反应中热解路径占主导,薄膜生长速率明显提高.在倒置进口的基础上优化隔板位置,生长速率略微降低,但薄膜均匀性明显改善.当反应器进口数量从二重变为三重和五重,反应从热解路径占主导变为热解路径和加合路径共同作用,薄膜生长速率逐渐增加,而均匀性明显改善.     

循环流化床粉煤灰可控制备高纯F型八面沸石研究

利用粉煤灰制备沸石分子筛是其高值化利用的重要方向之一.以循环流化床粉煤灰为原料,采用酸浸预处理-氢氧化钠碱熔活化-水热晶化法制备F型八面沸石,并用于吸附亚甲基蓝.考察酸浸温度、碱熔温度及碱灰质量比对粉煤灰结构的影响及碱熔温度、碱灰质量比、液固比及晶化时间对沸石的结构和形貌的影响.通过XRD和SEM对粉煤灰沸石的晶体结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,利用循环流化床粉煤灰制备高纯F型八面沸石适宜条件为碱熔温度550℃,碱灰质量比1.5:1,液固比12 mL/g,晶体导向剂用量10;,晶化温度100℃,晶化时间20 h.其比表面积高达357 m2/g,且对亚甲基蓝的饱和吸附量高达178 mg/g.