精准的习题是提高初中生运算能力的保证

1引言初中生的数学运算能力是一项非常重要的能力,该运算能力的高低决定着学生求学之路能走多深、能走多远.笔者在实践中,深刻体会到:选取恰当的数学习题用于训练,是提高初中生运算能力的关键之举,精准的习题是提高初中生运算能力的保证.下面列举了六种有效提高初中生运算能力的数学习题的类型:(1)涉及去括号的习题;(2)涉及添括号的习题;(3)涉及整式乘法的习题;(4)涉及乘法公式的习题;(5)涉及去分母的习题;(6)涉及去绝对值的习题.这些类型的习题将帮助初中生在浩瀚的题海里不至于漫无目标,争取花费较少的时间,获取高质量的效果.只有运用科学的训练方法,注意加强练习,注重积累、提升,初中生的数学运算能力才能不断提高.     

由超辐射引起的迁移率边和重返局域化

研究了束缚在梯子形光晶格中的中性原子与高精度腔耦合的系统,发现由超辐射引起的准周期调制可以导致迁移率边和重返局域化现象的出现.在平均场近似下,超辐射现象可以引起两种不同频率的准周期调制,它们可以由腔场和泵浦场有效调节.在本文的观测范围内,当高频调制强度小于某一临界值时,系统随着低频调制强度的增加经历一次局域转变.通过数值求解分形维度、密度分布、平均参与率、平均逆参与率以及标度分析,证明了局域转变历经的临界相区存在迁移率边;当高频调制强度大于临界值时,随着低频调制强度的增强,系统依次经历完全扩展相-临界相-完全局域相-临界相-完全局域相,这是一个典型的重返局域化现象.最后给出了局域化相图.该研究结果为超辐射相变和重返局域化现象的研究建立了联系,也为重返局域化的研究搭建了新的平台.     

一种新型多重积分数值计算的余项公式

研究了应用复化中矩形公式法进行多重积分数值计算的余项的一般形式,为连续模型离散化产生误差的分析提供了理论依据.     

从学生的“问题”出发审视空间向量内容的教学和育人价值北大核心

1问题提出高中数学课程引入空间向量内容后,使很多原本需要进行推理演化的立体几何问题的求解“代数化”、“程序化”了,以往的一些立体几何的“难题”变得“简单”了.有老师认为,立体几何内容在培养学生直观想象、逻辑推理核心素养的育人价值减弱了.在教学中,不难发现即便有空间向量作为解决立体几何问题的有力工具,学生在解决立体几何问题时依然会存在各式各样的“错误”.     

对称向量拟均衡问题有效解的存在性

利用标量化方法建立对称向量拟均衡问题有效解的存在性定理。作为标量化方法的应用，利用这一方法得到向量变分不等式和拟向量变分不等式有效解的存在性定理。     

季铵盐改性蒙脱石的制备与表征

采用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)对钠基蒙脱石(MMT)进行季铵化改性,制备有机蒙脱石(CMMT),对改性后的蒙脱石进行X射线衍射(XRD)、电位分析法(PA)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和热分析(TGA)等分析表征,并用改性后的蒙脱石吸附五氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)后测定并比较其载药量.结果表明,改性剂已成功插入到蒙脱石的层间;相比于钠基蒙脱石,有机蒙脱石的层间距和热稳定性均有所增大;当制备季铵盐有机改性蒙脱石时,反应温度为80℃,且CTAC的用量是MMT的2.5倍阳离子交换容量时,形成的有机蒙脱石的阳离子化程度和对5-FU的载药量最高.此外,考察并比较了有机蒙脱石和钠基蒙脱石的体外细胞毒性,结果显示有机蒙脱石具有更好的生物相容性和更低的细胞毒性.     

基于NiCo2O4纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器

The looming global energy crisis and ever-increasing energy demands have catalyzed the development of renewable energy storage systems. In this regard, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted widespread attention because of their advantageous attributes such as high power density, excellent cycle stability, and environmental friendliness. However, SCs exhibit low energy density and it is important to optimize electrode materials to improve the overall performance of these devices. Among the various electrode materials available, spinel nickel cobaltate (NiCo₂O₄) is particularly interesting because of its excellent theoretical capacitance. Based on the understanding that the performances of the electrode materials strongly depend on their morphologies and structures, in this study, we successfully synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets on Ni foam via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the results showed that they were uniformly distributed on the Ni foam support. The surface chemical states of the elements in the samples were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ products were then tested as cathode materials for supercapacitors in a traditional three-electrode system. The electrochemical performances of the NiCo₂O₄ electrode materials were studied and the area capacitance was found to be 1.26 C·cm^-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. Furthermore, outstanding cycling stability with 97.6% retention of the initial discharge capacitance after 10000 cycles and excellent rate performance (67.5% capacitance retention with the current density from 1 to 14 mA·cm^-2) were achieved. It was found that the Ni foam supporting the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets increased the conductivity of the electrode materials. However, it is worth noting that the contribution of nickel foam to the areal capacitance of the electrode materials was almost zero during the charge and discharge processes. To further investigate the practical application of the as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets-based electrode, a device was assembled with the as-prepared samples as the positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The assembled supercapacitor showed energy densities of 0.14 and 0.09 Wh·cm^-3 at 1.56 and 4.5 W·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, it was able to maintain 95% of its initial specific capacitance after 10000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets could be ascribed to their unique spatial structure composed of interconnected ultrathin nanosheets, which facilitated electron transportation and ion penetration, suggesting their potential applications as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. The present synthetic route can be extended to other ternary transition metal oxides/sulfides for future energy storage devices and systems.     

基于视觉辐条图案识别方法的蓝宝石引晶机制研究

工业生产蓝宝石晶体过程中,引晶步骤有着至关重要的地位。引晶必须在温度梯度较小,温度分布趋于稳定的条件下进行。目前,工业生产蓝宝石主要依靠人工经验操控籽晶杆实现引晶操作,但是人工引晶操作的准确性不高会导致成品品质不佳、资源浪费。为此,本文提出一种基于蓝宝石视觉辐条图案识别方法来检测蓝宝石熔体状态自由液面状态,从而实现一种高效率引晶的机制。此方法利用经典骨架化算法细化辐条图案,Harris算子实现特征信息的提取,提取的特征信息放入运动轨迹模型中判断熔体稳定性,分析液面温度分布稳定性从而实现引晶。结果表明,此算法具有有效性,蓝宝石晶体引晶效率大大提高,生产出的成品良率也有提升,可有效指导蓝宝石的工业生产。