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1.
聚合诱导自组装(PISA)技术是制备嵌段共聚物纳米自组装体的一种新技术.相较于传统的嵌段共聚物自组装技术,该技术具有边聚合、边组装的操作简便性特点,同时还具有纳米自组装体形态可控、固含量高(高达50%)等优点,使得聚合物纳米自组装体的规模化生产和应用成为可能.经过十多年的发展,基于各种“活性”/可控聚合机理和各种配方组合的PISA体系已经被成功实现,PISA技术在各个领域的应用研究也得到了全面的推进.目前关于PISA中的组装体形态研究已经有不少综述,而针对PISA技术应用方面的综述却鲜有报道.因此,本文在简要介绍PISA技术的基本原理和发展现状的基础上,重点总结了PISA技术在纳米复合材料、生物医用材料、电池、功能涂料、Pickering乳化剂、纳米结构膜、水凝胶、发光材料等相关领域的研究动态和应用进展.希望本综述能为PISA领域的研究者提供借鉴,并进一步促进聚合物自组装相关领域的研究进展.  相似文献   
2.
Polymer-involved nanoparticles or nanoparticle assemblies are now facing a crossroad, where the exposure of nanoparticle and multiple nanoparticles cannot be obtained at the same time. Therefore, a new series of nanoparticle clusters is synthesized, where multiple gold nanoparticles assemble with amphiphilic block copolymers supporting inside. The exposure of gold nanoparticles of the structure is confirmed and increases the reduction rate of 4-nitrophenol by 60%. The assemblies can also be used as surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) probes with an enhancement factor(EF) as high as 3×103.  相似文献   
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4.
Mathematics educators and legislators worldwide have begun placing a greater emphasis on teaching mathematics for understanding and through the use of real-life applications. Revised curricula have led to the time allocated to mathematics in effected countries being scrutinised. This has resulted in policy-makers and educationalists worldwide calling for the inclusion of double class periods on the mathematics timetable. Research from the United States suggests that the introduction of double or block periods allow for the objectives of revised curricula to be realized. The aim of this study, which is set in the school context, is first to ascertain if schools in Ireland are scheduling double periods for mathematics at both lower post-primary level (Junior Cycle) and upper post-primary level (Senior Cycle). It also seeks to determine if there is a link between teachers’ levels of satisfaction with the time allocated to mathematics and the provision of double periods and to get insights from teachers in relation to their opinions on what can be achieved through the introduction of such classes. Questionnaires were sent to 400 post-primary schools (approximately 1600 teachers) which were selected using stratified sampling techniques. It was found that 8.7% of mathematics teachers reported the provision of double periods at Junior Cycle while 55% reported that double periods were included on their timetable at Senior Cycle. The study also identified a link between teachers’ levels of satisfaction with the time allocated to mathematics and the provision of double periods. Finally, teachers felt that double periods allowed for new teaching methodologies, which were promoted by the revised curricula, to be implemented and teaching for understanding was also more feasible. In essence, it was found that double periods have an influence on the mathematical experience of post-primary students as well as the teaching approaches employed.  相似文献   
5.
Graft copolymers show microphase separated structure as seen in block copolymers and have lower intrinsic viscosity than block copolymers because of a branching structure. Therefore, considering molding processability, especially for polymers containing rigid segments, graft copolymers are useful architectures. In this work, graft copolymers containing rigid poly(diisopropyl fumarate) (PDiPF) branches were synthesized by full free‐radical polymerization process. First, synthesis of PDiPF macromonomers by addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) was investigated. 2,2‐Dimethyl‐4‐methylene‐pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester was found to be an efficient AFCT agent for diisopropyl fumarate (DiPF) polymerization because of the suppression of undesired primary radical termination, which significantly took place when common AFCT agent, methyl 2‐(bromomethyl)acrylate, was used. Copolymerization of PDiPF macromonomer with ethyl acrylate accomplished the generation of the graft copolymer having flexible poly(ethyl acrylate) backbone and rigid PDiPF branches. The graft copolymer showed a microphase separated structure, high transparency, and characteristic thermal properties to PDiPF and poly(ethyl acrylate). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019 , 57, 2474–2480  相似文献   
6.
Fullerene (C60), the third carbon allotrope, has shown great potential in photoelectric materials and drug delivery. However, the low solubility of C60 in polar solvents, especially in water, is the major limiting factor for further applications. The use of ultrasound and amphiphilic block copolymers, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PEG-b-P4VP), helped to disperse C60 in acidic aqueous solutions. As characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy, the C60 colloids had a core-shell structure with C60 aggregated in the micellar cores. The photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen using C60-bound polymer micelle was confirmed by the iodide method. More importantly, C60 and metalloporphyrin complexes could be synthesized by the self-assembly between PEG-b-P4VP/C60 micelle and metalloporphyrin. The stability of metalloporphyrin increased in the presence of the PEG-b-P4VP/C60 micelle. This study provides a method for the solubilization of C60 with many potential applications in biomedicals and photovoltaics.  相似文献   
7.
The novel amphiphilic graft copolymers with hydrophilic hard polar hydroxypropyl cellulose(HPC) backbone and hydrophobic soft nonpolar polyisobutylene(PIB) branches have been successfully synthesized through nucleophilic substitution reaction of living PIB chains carrying oxonium ions with the-OH groups along HPC backbone. The PIB branch length in the graft copolymers could be designed by living cationic polymerization and the grafting density could be adjusted by PIB~+/-OH molar ratio. The living PIB chains carrying oxonium ion were prepared by transformation of allyl bromide end groups in the presence of AgClO_4 and silver nanoparticles(3.2±0.3 nm, 0.7 wt%-1.8 wt%)generated in situ from AgBr. The phase-separation morphology was formed in the graft copolymers due to their incompatibility between backbone and branches. The hydrophilicity on the surface of graft copolymer films could be turned to hydrophobicity by increasing grafting density or/and length of PIB branches. The soft PIB segments in graft copolymers provided an unique surface via self-assembly for anti-protein adsorption against bovine serum albumin. A small amount of Ag nanoparticles in the copolymers contributed to good antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli.  相似文献   
8.
采用Monte Carlo模拟方法研究了疏水-亲水-疏水(H-P-H)型ABC三嵌段共聚物在B嵌段的选择性溶剂中的自组装行为. 模拟结果表明, 通过调节A嵌段和C嵌段的疏水性和二者之间的不相容性, 体系中可以形成多种形貌各异的胶束. 根据胶束中疏水核结构的特点, 这些胶束大体上可以被分为多核型胶束和多间隔型胶束两种类型. 通过增强疏水嵌段的疏水性或降低A嵌段和C嵌段间的不相容性, H-P-H型ABC三嵌段共聚物胶束能够发生从多核型胶束向多间隔型胶束的转变. 进一步分析胶束中聚合物的链构象等微观结构信息发现, A嵌段和C嵌段间的排斥作用和疏水作用之间存在竞争关系, 而这种竞争关系是影响体系中形成多核型胶束还是多间隔型胶束的决定性因素.  相似文献   
9.
We followed the self-assembly of high-molecular weight MePEG- b -PCL (poly(methyl ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)) diblock and MePEG- b -PBO- b -PCL (poly(methyl ethylene glycol)-block-poly(1,2-butylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)) into micelles using molecular dynamics simulation with a coarse grain (CG) force field based on quantum mechanics (CGq FF). The triblock polymer included a short poly(1,2-butylene oxide) (PBO) at the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface of these systems. Keeping the hydrophilic length fixed (MePEG45), we considered 250 chains in which the hydrophobic length changed from PCL44 or PBO6- b -PCL43 to PCL62 or PBO9- b -PCL61. The polymers were solvated in explicit water for 2 μs of simulations at 310.15 K. We found that the longer diblock system undergoes a morphological transition from an intermediate rod-like micelle to a prolate-sphere, while the micelle formed from the longer triblock system is a stable rod-like micelle. The two shorter diblock and triblock systems show similar self-assembly processes, both resulting in slightly prolate-spheres. The dynamics of the self-assembly is quantified in terms of chain radius of gyration, shape anisotropy, and hydration of the micelle cores. The final micelle structures are analyzed in terms of the local density components. We conclude that the CG model accurately describes the molecular mechanisms of self-assembly and the equilibrium micellar structures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains, including the quantity of solvent trapped inside the micellar core.  相似文献   
10.
李卫华 《化学学报》2021,79(2):133-138
通过嵌段共聚物自组装形成“桥连”是制备具有优异力学性能的网络结构的有效途经, 具有重要的应用价值. 但是, 过去的研究工作很少讨论“桥连”对嵌段共聚物自组装行为本身的影响. 该研究评论主要总结了最近几年利用“桥连”对嵌段自组装行为进行调控的工作进展. 作者设计了BABCB三组分线性多嵌段共聚物, 当其自组装形成二元“介观晶体”(球、柱)结构时, 中间B嵌段连接A和C相区(嵌段聚集成的“大原子”), 自然地形成桥连; 减小中间桥连B嵌段的相对长度, 就可以增加其拉伸程度, 从而降低介观晶体的配位数; 另外, 两个末端B嵌段的相对长度可以直接调控A和C“大原子”之间的相对配位数. 基于这两个机理, 自洽场理论计算预测了各种配位数相等和不相等的二元介观晶体结构. 进一步, 将“拉伸桥连”概念拓展到AB型嵌段共聚物体系中, 并且通过多臂星型嵌段共聚物分子结构中的“组合构型熵效应”在AB型嵌段共聚物中形成高比率的桥连构型, 使传统的六角柱状结构转变为了四配位的四方柱状和三配位的石墨烯类柱状结构. 未来, 在ABC三组分嵌段共聚物体系的设计中引入拓扑结构以及使用共混等方法, 有望在介观尺度重铸大多数已知的原子/离子二元晶体结构, 甚至超越原子/离子晶体结构.  相似文献   
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