Polarized Lidar Reflectance Measurements of Vegetation at Near-Infrared and Green Wavelengths

There is growing interest in the use of lidar for remote sensing of vegetation owing to the emergence of reliable and rugged lasers and highly sensitive detectors. Lidar remote sensing has a distinct advantage over conventional techniques in vegetation remote sensing due to its capability for three-dimensional characterization of vegetative targets. The Multiwavelength Airborne Polarimetric Lidar (MAPL) system was developed primarily for vegetation remote sensing applications from an airborne platform of up to 1,000 -m altitude. The lidar system has full waveform capture and polarimetric measurement capability at two wavelengths in the near-infrared (1064 nm) and the green (532 nm) spectral regions. This study presents preliminary ground-based lidar reflectance measurements on a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees under fully foliated conditions with a view towards tree species discrimination. Variations in the reflectance characteristics of selected deciduous trees under unfoliated and fully foliated conditions were also investigated. Our study reveals distinct differences in the reflectance characteristics of various trees.     

海洋激光雷达测量海中悬移质

研制了一套采用倍频YAG激光器的小型海洋激光雷达，用于测量海中悬移质浓度，2000年8月28日至9月5日，该系统安装于“东方红Ⅱ”号右舷下甲板，在渤海海区进行海中悬移质浓度现场测量，通过对18个站位的海洋激光雷达数据分析，获得的表层悬移质浓度与同步测量的海中悬移质浓度结果吻合较好。     

用瑞利激光雷达16年观测数据分析合肥地区大气密度分布特征

介绍了L625瑞利激光雷达系统结构以及基于瑞利散射理论探测大气分子数密度的原理.提出了反复迭代修正大气透过率的计算方法,并通过模拟仿真验证了该算法的可靠性.通过误差分析得到影响大气分子密度不确定度的主要因素为回波信号信噪比以及参考点处大气分子数密度值,给出了回波信号误差产生的主要来源以及参考点选取方法.最后,分析了激光雷达16年观测数据反演的结果,得到合肥地区大气分子数密度的月份以及年份分布状况,结果表明:中层大气分子数密度分布呈现明显的季节性分布特征,冬季分布稀疏,夏季分布密集,随年份分布则较为平稳.通过将统计平均得到的密度廓线与1976美国标准大气模式比对分析,发现由激光雷达观测反演得到的结果较模式值大,二者的比值在1.05～1.13之间.     

多波段条纹管激光成像系统探测距离计算

基于条纹管激光成像的基本原理，分析了利用条纹管实现紫外到近红外波段激光成像的技术可行性，并对其性能进行了分析；建立了激光成像雷达方程，计算了不同波长在不同天气条件下的探测距离，并分析了各激光波长的应用领域和优缺点．     

An iterative calculation to derive extinction-to-backscatter ratio based on lidar measurements

The aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is an important parameter for understanding the radiative impact of aerosols. AOT based on lidar measurements is often limited by its finite detection range. In this paper, we have reported a method of fitting and iterative calculation to derive the extinction profile of background aerosols from 0 to 30 km at 532 nm, which is virtually the AOT of the entire atmosphere. The mean extinction derived from this method at the ground level tallies with visibility measurement and it is also consistent with the sun-photometer data, within experimental error. These data have been further treated to study the dust cases. For most of the cases, transmission losses were determined to estimate the extinction as well as lidar ratio. The result of the analysis shows that for background aerosols, a mean lidar ratio of 47±15 sr was found. For dust layers, a mean lidar ratio of 44±19 sr and an optical thickness of 0.53±0.49 were determined at 532 nm.     

Comparison of CALIPSO and ground-based lidar profiles over Chung-Li, Taiwan

We report the first inter-comparison of vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds derived from space (CALIPSO) and ground based lidar over Chung-Li, Taiwan. Results show that inter-comparison is closer in case of aerosols than clouds. The strength/shortcoming of the comparison has been also discussed. An iterative calculation to retrieve extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) by using sun-photometer and CALIPSO data is also documented. By using the mentioned method, a mean lidar ratio of 23.5±8.2 sr was found. The derived lidar ratios are lower than former studies. The possible reasons for the difference have been discussed in this paper. The discussed methodology will be helpful to reduce the uncertainty of optical parameters derived from lidar data especially near the surface where the atmosphere is inhomogeneous.     

星对星激光雷达反射层析成像技术探讨

以星对星激光雷达成像为应用背景,提出了一种基于啁啾脉冲信号的反射层析成像处理方法,该方法通过激光雷达多角度回波非相干累积实现高分辨率的图像重构;分析了星对星反射层析成像的实现条件,包括成像分辨率、工作模式及成像时间.研究结果表明,采用本文所提出的成像方法,通过同轨道面的伴星探测方式可以满足激光雷达反射层析成像多角度探测的要求,在观测角度范围大于60°时能够得到0.1 m目标分辨率,角度范围越大,分辨率越高,且成像时间与卫星轨道半径和两星距离有关.实验验证了该方法的有效性和星对星反射层析成像的可行性.     

三波长激光雷达拟合卷云的粒子形状

卷云在全球出现的概率可达30%,其散射特性在气候模式、光辐射传输和遥感领域都具有非常重要的意义。卷云的散射特性主要由冰晶粒子形状、尺度谱、折射率等因素所决定。利用355, 532和1 064 nm三个波长激光雷达数据反演卷云的后向散射系数颜色比,利用模拟计算获得不同形状冰晶粒子的卷云在上述三个波长上的后向散射系数颜色比,通过拟合得出被测卷云的冰晶粒子形状。拟合结果表明,合肥上空卷云中冰晶粒子大部分可能呈聚合物状。     

基于火星巡视器车载激光诱导击穿光谱仪系统设计米散射激光雷达可行性研究

火星大气气溶胶的地基探测对研究火星大气环境具有重要意义,为了能够在节约火星巡视器/着陆器体积、重量的条件下进行气溶胶探测,论证了基于巡视器车载激光诱导击穿光谱仪系统设计米散射激光雷达方案的可行性。所设计的米散射激光雷达系统使用巡视器车载激光诱导击穿光谱仪的既有硬件资源,加入分光元件和探测器模块,构成与激光诱导击穿光谱仪系统集成的米散射激光雷达,米散射激光雷达与激光诱导击穿光谱仪在火星地表分时工作,互不影响。为了论证所设计的米散射激光雷达的探测性能,对Phoenix火星探测任务中独立的米散射激光雷达得到的一组原始回波信号数据进行了处理,反演得到一组典型火星大气消光系数廓线,结合消光系数廓线与系统硬件参数计算了所设计的米散射激光雷达的回波信噪比,结果表明该系统在所用原始数据被记录的当日在火星大气边界层顶4 km高度处信噪比达到26 dB,在10 km高度附近下降到0 dB,说明基于火星巡视器车载激光诱导击穿光谱仪系统设计米散射激光雷达进行气溶胶探测具有现实可行性。对比Phoenix的独立米散射激光雷达设计方案,基于激光诱导击穿光谱仪的米散射激光雷达不但能够节省巡视器体积、重量,而且发射能量更高,回波接收方案更为简单,数据反演步骤更为简洁。     

基于激光雷达观测的大气边界层自动识别局部最优点算法

大气边界层高度是影响近地面大气物理运动的主要因素,同时也是影响地面污染物浓度的一个重要因素。地基激光雷达可以对大气气溶胶的垂直分布进行连续稳定的监测,应用激光雷达技术对大气边界层进行连续观测可以为环境监测与预报提供指导性的动态信息。针对存在残留层以及外来污染物输入情况时边界层高度变化检测的可靠性及计算效率问题,结合梯度法的物理意义与激光雷达时序图的图形图像学特征,提出了一种基于时空邻近度的边界层局部最优点识别算法。以江苏省无锡市新区偏振米散射激光雷达太湖观测站点的气溶胶垂直观测数据为例,通过对2012年底两次污染事件进行观测分析,分别使用梯度法和局部最优点法进行大气边界层高度的自动识别。实验结果表明,在静稳状态和污染混入后的情况下,梯度法与局部最优点识别法的结果较为接近,但梯度法在处理污染混入状态以及存在残留层的情况下误判率较高。基于时空邻近度的局部最优点算法通过对垂直特征值以及水平相关性的控制,有效地消除了在弱信号、噪声信号、低云以及存在残留层和外来污染等情况下导致的计算机误判现象,在减小算法时间复杂度的同时在计算机自动识别结果具有更高的稳定性,弥补了梯度法在自动化运行中的识别精度与计算效率的不足。