脑细胞激活素药物的化学成分分析

采用日本岛津LC-60A型高压液相色谱仪和美国P-E3030型原子吸收分光光度计，对该药进行了氨基酸、维生素和化学元素的含量测定。结果表明，该药含有18种氨基酸，不少于3种维生素和20几种化学元素，为进一步改进该药物的合理配制方法和临床应用提供了参考数据。     

Characterization of CNS disorders and evaluation of therapy using structural and functional MRI

Modern drug development requires technologies that allow rapid translation from the preclinical to the clinical stage. It is obvious that non-invasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will play a central role in this regard. This article reviews the use of structural and functional MRI readouts for characterization of central nervous system (CNS) disorders and evaluation of the efficacy of potential CNS drugs. Examples comprise dementia of Alzheimer's type, cerebral ischemia, and neuroinflammation covering both clinical and preclinical aspects. In these examples MRI has been used to obtain relevant structural information on brain atrophy, on the location and extent of ischemic brain areas, and on the number and distribution of demyelinated plaques. These structural data are complemented by readouts assessing the functional consequences associated with the pathomorphological changes. In the last decade, MRI has evolved into a standard tool for the development of CNS drugs. With regard to target-specific/molecular imaging applications MRI is limited by its inherently low sensitivity; complementary imaging modalities utilizing optical and radionuclear reporter systems will thus be required.     

急性脑血管病患者血清元素的测定

采用高频等离子体发射光谱法测定了３４例脑梗塞、３３例脑出血和对照组２７人血清锌、铜、锰、铬、镁、钼、锶、铁、钛、钡、镉和钙共１２种元素的含量。结果显示脑梗塞和脑出血组血清锌和锌／铜比值显著高于对照组；锰和钼含量仅在脑梗塞组明显增高，锶仅在脑出血组显著增高，而其它几种元素疾病组与对照组无显著性差异。伴有高血糖、高血脂和高血压的病人，其血铬含量显著降低，表明锌、锌／铜比值、锰、钼、锶、铬元素与急性脑血     

综合治疗脑梗塞68例观察

脑梗塞是常见病，且大部分可引起偏瘫，失语，智能障碍等后遗症，严重影响病人的生存质量，广州市第六人民医院于１９９５年１月～１９９７年６月采用中西药物，传统治疗，功能障碍治疗，心理治疗，氦氖激光血管内照射，血液光量子疗法，高压氧等综合治疗脑梗塞６８例，总疗程３个月，结果，总有效率９４．１％，显效率６４．１％，明显高于单用药物治疗的显效率，说明综合治疗可提高疗效，减少后遗症及致残率，且病程越短，疗效越好     

High-resolution MR venography of cerebral arteriovenous malformations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) venography technique in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). A high-resolution 3D gradient echo sequence was used with a long echo time TE to obtain venous information down to sub-pixel sized vessel diameters of several hundred microns. The method is based on the paramagnetic property of deoxyhemoglobin, and the resulting developing phase difference between veins and brain parenchyma at long echo times which leads to signal cancellation. The reconstructed venograms were compared with time-of-flight (TOF)-MR angiography using qualitative and quantitative criteria with the conventional digital subtraction angiography serving as the reference gold standard. In 17 patients with angiographically proven cerebral AVMs, the method indicates its potential in clinical applications. Venography was able to detect all AVMs whereas TOF-MRA failed in three patients. In the delineation of venous drainage patterns MR venography was superior to TOF-MRA, however, the method failed in the detection of about half of the main feeding arteries, as expected. Due to susceptibility artifacts at air/tissue boundaries and interference with paramagnetic hemosiderin, venography was limited with respect to the delineation of the exact nidus sizes and shapes in ten patients with AVMs located close to the skull base or having suffered from previous bleeding. Although the visualization of draining veins represents an important prerequisite in the surgical and radiosurgical treatment planning of cerebral AVMs, application of high resolution MR venography may be limited in the diagnostic work-up in some of these patients. On the other hand, it may be of special importance in the early detection and assessment of small AVMs that are difficult to diagnose with other MR methods.     

Dissociation between lactate accumulation and acidosis in middle cerebral artery-occluded rats assessed by P and H NMR metabolic images under A 2-T magnetic field

The relationships among tissue edema, lactate accumulation, and intracellular pH in middle cerebral artery (MCA)-occluded rats were investigated with multiecho ¹H magnetic resonance imaging and spatially resolved metabolic images constructed by ¹H and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift imaging (CSI). For the effective and sensitive detection of NMR signals from the brain, outer volume suppression (OVS), reduced k-space sampling and proton irradiation were incorporated into the CSI sequences. The consecutive three measurements of calculated T₂ image, lactate image, and pH image which were required for 3.75 h were repeated for four cycles of 1–16 h after MCA occlusion. Tissue edema and lactate accumulation in the infarcted region were gradually and consistently increased during the 15-h observation period. In contrast, severe acidosis was already detected on the first pH image (2–4.7 h after MCA occlusion); thereafter, the degree of acidosis became milder and showed no further progression. The dissociation between the time courses of the lactate accumulation and pH decrease was clearly demonstrated by the NMR metabolic images. Acid-base balance in cerebral infarction might be affected not only by lactate production but also by complicated interactions with tissue edema and some other factors.     

Functional MRI using intravascular contrast agents: detrending of the relative cerebrovascular (rCBV) time course

In pharmacological fMRI experiments in animal models, blood pool contrast agents may be used to map cerebral blood volume change as a surrogate for neural activation. When the background signal drift due to contrast agent washout is non-negligible over the duration of the signal changes of interest, time-course detrending is essential for accurate interpretation of the experiment. Detrending approaches based on estimation of the background signal from a baseline period of the time course prior to pharmacological (or functional) challenge were evaluated with the aim of identifying a robust method of estimating the contrast agent washout contribution to the background signal drift. For fMRI studies in the rat, it was found that a constrained fit of a mono-exponential washout model was more accurate than a constant background approximation and unconstrained fits for experiments investigating the functional response to rapid pharmacological challenges such as cocaine and amphetamine. Moreover, the constrained fitting approach allows shorter baseline periods than unconstrained extrapolation, reducing the required duration of the experiment.     

Temperament Development Modeled as a Nonlinear Complex Adaptive System

Using approach-withdrawal (AW) as a specific instance of temperament, a theoretical model of temperament as a complex dynamic system is proposed. Developmental contextualism (Lerner, 1998) serves as a guiding theory in determining the structural components of the system and Kauffman's (1993) Boolean models of self-organization are adapted to estimate the parameter functions. In this model P(AW) = f(, ) where P(AW) is the probability density function of an approach or a withdrawal response, ( is a standardized parameter estimate of the biological sensitivity to stimulation, and is a standardized parameter estimate of the contextual response to an approach or withdrawal response. It is theorized that the functions of ( and follow a Hill function of the forms: d /dt = (²/c² + ²) – K₁ d /dt = ( ²/c² + ²) – K₂, where K₁, K₂, and c are system constants. This results in a double sigmoid function in which at extreme values of and the system stabilizes on a steady state of either approach or withdrawal response patterns. At intermediate parameter values the probability density functions of approach and withdrawal responses are wider. Thus, AW can be modeled as representing two basins of attraction. In addition, considerations are given to the systems sensitivity to initial conditions.