Axisymmetric indentation of curved elastic membranes by a convex rigid indenter

Motivated by applications to seed germination, we consider the transverse deflection that results from the axisymmetric indentation of an elastic membrane by a rigid body. The elastic membrane is fixed around its boundary, with or without an initial pre-stretch, and may be initially curved prior to indentation. General indenter shapes are considered, and the load-indentation curves that result for a range of spheroidal tips are obtained for both flat and curved membranes. Wrinkling may occur when the membrane is initially curved, and a relaxed strain-energy function is used to calculate the deformed profile in this case. Applications to experiments designed to measure the mechanical properties of seed endosperms are discussed.     

Application of direct calibration in multivariate image analysis of heterogeneous materials

Many scientific instruments produce multivariate images characterized by three-way tables, an element of which represents the intensity value at a spatial location for a given spectral channel. A problem frequently encountered is to attempt estimating the contributions of some compounds at each location of these images. Usual regression methods of calibration, such as PLS, require having a matrix of calibration X (n × p) and the corresponding vector y of the dependent variable (n × 1). X can be built up by sampling pixel-vectors in the images, but y is sometimes difficult to obtain, if the surface of the samples is formed by chemically heterogeneous regions. In this case, the quantitative analyses related to y may be difficult, if the pixels represent very small areas (for example on microscopic images) or very large ones (satellite images). This is for example the case when dealing with biological solid samples representing different tissues. Direct Calibration (DC), sometimes referred to as “spectral unmixing”, do not require having such a calibration set. However, it is indeed needed to have both a matrix of “perturbing” pixel-vectors (noted K) and a vector of the “pure” component spectrum to be analyzed (p), which are more easily obtainable. For estimating the contribution, the unknown pixel vector x and the pure spectrum p are first projected orthogonally onto K giving the vectors x_⊥ onto p_⊥, respectively. The contribution is then estimated by a second projection of x_⊥ onto p_⊥. A method, based on principal component analysis, for determining the optimal dimensions of K is proposed. DC was applied on a collection of multivariate images of kernel of wheat to estimate the proportion of three tissues, namely out-layers, “waxy” endosperm and normal endosperm. The eventual results are presented as images of wheat kernels in false colors associated to the estimated proportions of the tissues. It is shown that DC is appropriate for estimating contributions in situations in which the more usual methods of calibration cannot be applied.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定紫斑牡丹胚乳和胚中矿物质元素

为了给离体体细胞胚的人工胚乳配制提供矿物质元素种类和数量方面的参考,用浓硝酸-高氯酸(4∶1)的混合溶液消解紫斑牡丹的胚乳和胚样品,采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了样品中的(K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Li、Ni、B、Ag、Cd、Pb)14种矿物质元素含量。结果表明:各元素的校准曲线的回归系数在0.9990～0.9999之间,线性良好;方法精密度高,能多元素同时分析;紫斑牡丹胚乳和胚中均含有植物生长必需的K、Ca、Mg 3种大量元素,Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、B 6种微量元素,1种有益元素Na,及Li和Pb,Ag、Cd则未被检测到。在被检测到的12种元素中,Mg、Zn、Mn、Fe、K、Na、Li与Ni 8种元素在胚乳中的含量低于胚中的含量,Ca、Cu、Pb与B在胚乳中的含量则高于胚中的含量。     

异翅独尾草（百合科）的胚胎学研究

异翅独尾草子房内部结构特殊，子房壁内外表层细胞特化，腔内具贮水组织；胚珠外面覆以特殊附属物－假种皮；珠心组织在珠孔端及合点端细胞具明显的极性分化，胚囊为７细胞８核的蓼型结构。     

ICP-AES测定两种牡丹胚乳中的矿质元素

采用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定了紫斑牡丹和滇牡丹胚乳样品中14种矿质元素（K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Li、Ni、B、Ag、Cd、Pb）含量。结果表明,各测试元素的校准曲线线性良好;两种牡丹胚乳中4种人体必需的常量元素K、Na、Ca、Mg及6种与人体健康和生命有关的必需元素Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、B含量丰富,3种对人体有害的微量元素Ag、Cd、Pb中,Ag与Cd均未被检出。表明两种牡丹胚乳矿质营养丰富,值得深入研究和开发利用。     

玉米胚芽胚乳中油水动态行为的NMR研究

应用核磁共振时域二维弛豫相关谱分析的方法,对玉米胚芽的核磁共振弛豫特性进行了研究.对以下三种样品进行了测定:(1)胚芽不含油(用化学方法蒸馏出)但是含有不同百分含量的水;(2)胚芽不含水(真空蒸发)但是含有不同百分含量的油;(3)含有不同百分含量的水的胚乳水系统.研究表明随着水含量的增加水的纵向弛豫时间T₁减小,表明水与胚芽基质具有强烈的相互作用,而油的纵向弛豫时间T₁随着油含量的增加变化很小,表明油与胚芽基质之间没有大的相互作用,油几乎独立地处在胚芽中;对低水分(少于5%)玉米胚芽水系统,结果表明水是束缚于胚芽基质上,而油则是以油胞的形式存在于胚芽中.在玉米胚芽水系统中有两个T₁弛豫成分,长T₁弛豫成分从基质到水的交换率为57s^-1;从水到基质的交换率为113s^-1.短T₁成分从基质到水的交换率为245s^-1;从水到基质的交换率为821s^-1.在低水合状态下,胚乳水系统仅有一个T₁弛豫成分.胚乳到水的交换率高于37s^-1.