毛头鬼伞的红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)研究了人工栽培与野生的毛头鬼伞,及其液化前后的菌盖样品。毛头鬼伞的红外光谱主要由蛋白质、多糖的特征吸收峰组成。人工菌与野生菌的光谱差异表现为蛋白质和多糖的特征峰强度比,野生菌的多糖特征吸收峰要比人工菌的吸收峰明显。菌盖液化黑色物与液化前的菌盖光谱相比,多糖特征峰明显减弱,表明菌褶液化现象主要是多糖的变化。红外光谱结果为毛头鬼伞的进一步的开发研究提供了参考信息。     

Study of moisture sorption behavior of urea inclusion compounds with aliphatic guests and with linear polymers

Urea is known to form stable inclusion compounds (IC) with a wide variety of guests, which include aliphatic organic substances as well as linear polymers. Urea in its native form is also known to undergo deliquescence when exposed to an atmosphere of higher water activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine and compare the moisture sorption profiles of the uncomplexed urea as well as ICs of urea with different guests. Urea ICs with two types of guest moieties were prepared, that is, either monosubstituted unbranched alkane derivatives possessing an anchor length of 16 carbons or linear polymer poly (ethylene glycol) of different molecular weights. The formation of ICs was confirmed through thermal analysis and powder X‐ray diffraction/single crystal diffraction. The ICs were exposed to environment of varying water activity in dynamic water sorption analyzer, and the rate and extent of moisture uptake were determined. Critical relative humidity of urea and representative ICs was determined by two techniques. Urea ICs were found to demonstrate greater resistant to deliquescence as exhibited by increase in critical relative humidity in comparison with uncomplexed urea. Thermodynamic considerations involved in the process of deliquescence are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sea salt deliquescence and crystallization in atmosphere: an in situ investigation using x‐ray phase contrast imaging

X‐ray phase contrast imaging (PCI) based on synchrotron radiation was introduced for the first time as an in situ imaging way to investigate sea salt phase change, i.e. deliquescence and crystallization in atmospheric environment. A performance on the deliquescence of pure NaCl, which is the dominant component in sea salt, demonstrated that this technique can directly observe the change of core particle and differentiate the outer water layer clearly in solid‐aqueous system of ~100 µm scale. The imaging results showed that sea salt particle deliquesced on a large scale of relative humidity (RH) between 34 and 97% RH as a solid–liquid drop, while no clear deliquescence RH was observed during the process. According to the drop size growth curve, sea salt deliquescence can be divided into three steps, namely water accumulating step (34–75% RH), bulk melting step (75–86% RH) and delay dissolving step (>86% RH), which are most probably dominated by grouped components as MgCl₂/CaCl₂/MgSO₄, NaCl and Na₂SO₄/KCl/K₂SO₄, respectively. Instead at a sole RH, the crystallization of sea salt solution occurred at a range of 46–58% RH, which well agreed with the theory proposed by Ge et al. The aqueous‐solid condition provided by sea salt deliquescence and crystallization may greatly enhance the heterogeneous chemical reactions in atmosphere. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting Deliquescence Relative Humidities of Crystals and Crystal Mixtures

The presence of water in the form of relative humidity (RH) may lead to deliquescence of crystalline components above a certain RH, the deliquescence RH (DRH). Knowing the DRH values is essential, e.g., for the agrochemical industry, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry to identify stability windows for their crystalline products. This work applies the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) to purely predict the DRH of single components (organic acids, sugars, artificial sweeteners, and amides) and multicomponent crystal mixtures thereof only based on aqueous solubility data of the pure components. The predicted DRH values very well agree with the experimental ones. In addition, the temperature influence on the DRH value could be successfully predicted with PC-SAFT. The DRH prediction also differentiates between formation of hydrates and anhydrates. PC-SAFT-predicted phase diagrams of hydrate-forming components illustrate the influence of additional components on the hydrate formation as a function of RH. The DRH prediction via PC-SAFT allows for the determining of the stability of crystals and crystal mixtures without the need for time-consuming experiments.     

钙钛矿型闪烁晶体的研究进展

闪烁晶体材料一般可用于X射线、γ射线、中子及其他高能粒子的探测。经过100多年的发展,以闪烁晶体为核心的探测和成像技术已经在核医学、高能物理、安全检查、工业无损探伤、空间物理及核探矿等方面得到了广泛的应用。随着人们对闪烁晶体材料进一步深入的研究和科技的发展,现今市面上较好的LaBr₃∶Ce等卤化物闪烁晶体由于生产成本过高、各向异性及脆性等缺点逐渐不能满足发展的需要,而钙钛矿型闪烁晶体材料由于其容易被改善的潮解性、低的生产成本、易于调整的生长条件以及良好的闪烁性能,逐步进入人们的视野。本文从晶体结构、性能、生长方法、发展趋势和应用前景等方面,着重介绍了ABX₃(A⁺为Cs⁺,B²⁺为部分碱土金属离子,X^-为非氟卤族元素离子)钙钛矿型闪烁晶体材料和K基钙钛矿结构闪烁晶体材料。最终,通过掺杂部分稀土元素和改善生长工艺等方法,即可得到光输出高、能量分辨率好,且成本较低、可广泛应用于市场的钙钛矿型闪烁晶体。     

ESEM Applications: From Cultural Heritage Conservation to Nano-Behaviour

The application of ESEM technology to the conservation of cultural heritage and other fields is reviewed. Several applications are presented with a focus on reaction kinetics and micro to nano-scale material behaviours, including time-lapse studies of reaction kinetics for NaCl and NaNO₃; verification of the stone decay mechanism at the site of Copan, Honduras; and ESEM/EDS analysis of the first photograph (1826). A review of other ESEM applications reveals some important trends, especially in the materials science, electronics and biosciences fields, such as quantitative ESEM/EDS; 1.8 nm resolution imaging of extreme insulators in VP/ESEM; and ESEM analysis of emulsions and cells.