Characterization of a pectic polysaccharide from the fruit of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ziziphus jujuba</Emphasis>

A pectic polysaccharide was isolated from the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. jinsixiaozao Hort. and its structure was characterized by acid hydrolysis, methylation, and NMR spectroscopies. The purified fraction Ju-B-7 had a molecular mass of over 2000 kDa. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that Ju-B-7 is composed mainly of α-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyluronic acid and 1,2-linked L-rhamnose with a molar ratio of 8.1:1. It can significantly stimulate spleen cell proliferation in vitro (P<0.01, 10 μmg/mL). Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 311–312, July–August, 2007.     

Optimization of a New Extraction Technique for Analysis of Verbenone and cis-Verbenol in Pine Seeds

Results from a systematic study of the factors affecting extraction of cis-verbenol and verbenone from pine seeds are presented. Five extraction conditions were investigated: extraction solvent, method of extraction, extraction temperature, volume of solvent, and the ratio of the mass of sample to the amount of extraction solvent. The resulting optimized method uses magnetic-stirring-assisted extraction of pine seeds (5 g) with ethyl acetate (75 mL) for 20 min, at room temperature. RSDs were less than 5% for both compounds. GC–FID was used for quantification of cis-verbenol and verbenone in the extracts.     

Analysis of terpenoic composition of conifer needle oils by steam distillation/extraction,gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Summary The essential oils of Estonian spruce and pine needles have been analysed by a combination of steam distillation/extraction, GC and GC-MS. According to their monoterpene composition Estonian pines belong to a high carene chemotype with monoterpenes representing up to 85% of total oil. Estonian spruce needle oil contains up to 70% of oxygenated terpenes and more limonene and 1,8-cineole than the same spruce species [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from other localities.A total of 60 components were identified. Coefficients of variation describe the range of component contents in individual trees within the population.     

Dissolution of ionisable groups and lignocellulosic components during low-temperature kraft pulping of pinus radiata

A wide range of kraft pulps from radiata pine produced by low-temperature kraft pulping in flow-through reactors was assessed for carboxyl and hexenuronic acid (HexA) contents using the conductometric titrations and UV spectrophotometer, respectively. The Kappa number of pulps varied from 20.8 to 84.7 when using a cooking liquor of 1 M effective alkali as Na₂O, 25% sulfidity, and cooking time of 100–250 min. The experimental results showed that the carboxyl groups (including HexA) and HexA groups dissolved and their residual values in the pulp samples correlate linearly with Kappa number and pulp yield. The dissolving rate of all carboxyl groups is much faster than the loss of HexA. The HexA/lignin ratio decreased non-linearly with Kappa number.     

Analysis of Essential Oil from the Needles of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis> Growing in Algeria

The needle oil of the Algerian maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) growing in natural habitats in Sidi Feradj (Algiers region) was obtained by hydrodistillation in 0.3% yield and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. More than 46 compounds amounting to 65.2% of the total oil were identified. The main components were β-caryophyllene (26.6%), allo-aromadendrene (12.5%), and α-humulene (4.3%). __________ Published in Kimiya Prirodnikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 445–447, September–October, 2005.     

Changes in the composition of volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of Pinus armandi, P. tabulaeformis, and P. bungeana in Northwest China

The volatile mono-and sesquiterpenes obtained from the needles and resin of Pinus armandi, P. tabulaeformis, and P. bungeana growing in the Qinling, Taibai, and Huanglong Mountain forest ecosystem were analyzed by means of GC-MS. Forty-eight constituents were identified, and α-pinene, β-pinene, 1R-α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, cadindiene, α-caryophyllene, D-limonene, and 1S-β-pinene were the major components of the mono-and sesquiterpenes in the needles and resin. The components of the volatile mono-and sesquiterpenes from the needles and resin at Qinling, Taibai, and Huanglong Mountains had remarkable differences in three pine species, whereas the monopertene content such as α-pinene, β-pinene, D-limonene, and camphene were mostly changed in the growing stage. The intraspecies variation in the different ecosystems can be attributed to the species’ geography and genetic variation, and even the adaptation of the pine species to different ecological environments. Moreover, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes can be induced by the attack of bark beetles, of which the α-pinene, β-pinene, 1R-α-pinene, 1S-α-pinene, b-myrecene, and β-caryophyllene contents had positive relations with the attacking Dendroctonus armandi and D. valens. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 430–433, September–October, 2006.     

臭椿籽挥发油的化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对甘肃天水产的臭椿籽挥发油进行提取，挥发油得率约为2．1％(w)；用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发性成分进行了分析，鉴定了43个化合物，占挥发油相对含量的96．3％；主要成分为脂肪酸及酯、脂肪烃及甾族化合物，其中含量较高的有亚油酸、油酸、蓖麻酸和蓖麻酸甲酯。     

Isolation of Volatile Compounds with Repellent Properties against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Using CPC Technology

The present work describes the use of Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) for the bio-guided isolation of repellent active volatile compounds from essential oils. Five essential oils (EOs) obtained from three Pinus and two Juniperus species were initially analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and evaluated for their repellent properties against Aedes albopictus. The essential oil from needles of P. pinea (PPI) presented the higher activity, showing 82.4% repellency at a dose of 0.2 μL/cm². The above EO, together with the EO from the fruits of J. oxycedrus subsp. deltoides (JOX), were further analyzed by CPC using the biphasic system n-Heptane/ACN/BuOH in ratio 1.6/1.6/0.2 (v/v/v). The analysis of PPI essential oil resulted in the recovery of (−)-limonene, guaiol and simple mixtures of (−)-limonene/β-pheladrene, while the fractionation of JOX EO led to the recovery of β-myrcene, germacrene-D, and mixtures of α-pinene/β-pinene (ratio 70/30) and α-pinene/germacrene D (ratio 65/45). All isolated compounds and recovered mixtures were tested for their repellent activity. From them, (−)-limonene, guaiol, germacrene-D as well the mixtures of (−)-limonene/β-pheladrene presented significant repellent activity (>97% repellency) against Ae. albopictus. The present methodology could be a valuable tool in the effort to develop potent mosquito repellents which are environmentally friendly.     

Seasonal Changes in Copper and Cobalt Concentrations of Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica Leaves to Monitor the Effects of Pollution in Elazig(Turkey)

The aim of this study is to examine seasonal changes in Cu and Co concentrations of three plant species for monitoring the effects of pollution in Elazig,Turkey.For this purpose,the leaves of the Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica together with soil samples were collected from different points depending on traffic intensity,nearness the city center and cement factory as well as control location during different months of the year.Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(FAAS) was used for measurement of the metals in clear digests after the dry ashing method.Copper and Co concentrations were in the ranges from 1.3to 2.6mg.kg-1 and相似文献   

ISOMETRIC AND ALLOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LARGE AND SMALL‐SCALE TREE SPACING STUDIES

Abstract Basic differences in the relationship between diameter and height have been observed in small and large trees. Small trees (less than 5 m) have little danger of buckling under their own weight, and diameter is proportional to height. Large trees (greater than 5 m) are at risk of buckling under their own weight and are subject to damage from ice and wind. For large trees, diameter cubed is proportional to height squared. This relationship is suggested by the physics of limits to height of cylinders before they buckle under their own weight and has been shown to hold for large trees. Data from large‐scale spacing studies are compared with data from one‐sixteenth scale small spacing studies to determine the validity of this theory. The impact of scaled spacing on scaled diameters at equivalent scaled heights is examined. Results suggest that trees grown at small scales can be “scaled up” to reflect isometric and allometric relationships of trees grown at large scales.