Partitioning behaviour of organic compounds between ionic liquids and supercritical fluids

Applications and prospects of two-phase, tuneable solvent systems composed of ionic liquids (ILs) and supercritical fluids with an emphasis on supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) are reviewed. The IL-scCO(2) biphasic systems have increasingly been used in diverse fields of chemistry and technology, and some examples of these applications are mentioned here. Rational design of such applications can obviously benefit from pertinent data on phase equilibria including the partition coefficients of the prospective products and reactants between the two phases. Therefore, a reliable technique to measure the limiting partition coefficients would be of value. Here, the pros and cons of supercritical fluid chromatography in this respect are discussed. An overview of methods for predictive thermodynamic modelling of binary (IL-scCO(2)) and ternary (solute-IL-scCO(2)) systems is also included.     

Predicting retention in reverse‐phase liquid chromatography at different mobile phase compositions and temperatures by using the solvation parameter model

The prediction capability of the solvation parameter model in reverse‐phase liquid chromatography at different methanol‐water mobile phase compositions and temperatures was investigated. By using a carefully selected set of solutes, the training set, linear relationships were established through regression equations between the logarithm of the solute retention factor, logk, and different solute parameters. The coefficients obtained in the regressions were used to create a general retention model able to predict retention in an octadecylsilica stationary phase at any temperature and methanol‐water composition. The validity of the model was evaluated by using a different set (the test set) of 30 solutes of very diverse chemical nature. Predictions of logk values were obtained at two different combinations of temperature and mobile phase composition by using two different procedures: (i) by calculating the coefficients through a mathematical linear relationship in which the mobile phase composition and temperature are involved; (ii) by using a general equation, obtained by considering the previous results, in which only the experimental values of temperature and mobile phase composition are required. Predicted logk values were critically compared with the experimental values. Excellent results were obtained considering the diversity of the test set.     

Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: Mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases

An overview of the state-of-the-art in LC enantiomer separation is presented. This tutorial review is mainly focused on mechanisms of chiral recognition and enantiomer distinction of popular chiral selectors and corresponding chiral stationary phases including discussions of thermodynamics, additivity principle of binding increments, site-selective thermodynamics, extrathermodynamic approaches, methods employed for the investigation of dominating intermolecular interactions and complex structures such as spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR), X-ray diffraction and computational methods. Modern chiral stationary phases are discussed with particular focus on those that are commercially available and broadly used. It is attempted to provide the reader with vivid images of molecular recognition mechanisms of selected chiral selector–selectand pairs on basis of solid-state X-ray crystal structures and simulated computer models, respectively. Such snapshot images illustrated in this communication unfortunately cannot account for the molecular dynamics of the real world, but are supposed to be helpful for the understanding. The exploding number of papers about applications of various chiral stationary phases in numerous fields of enantiomer separations is not covered systematically.     

Synthesis,properties, and solvatochromism of 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐{(thien‐2‐yl)‐[4‐(1‐piperidyl) phenyl]methylidene}‐(1H,3H)‐pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐trione

A new merocyanine dye, 1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐{(thien‐2‐yl)‐[4‐(1‐piperidyl)phenyl]methylidene}‐ (1H, 3H)‐pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐trione 3 , has been synthesized by condensation of 2‐[4‐(piperidyl)benzoyl]thiophene 1 with N,N′‐dimethyl barbituric acid 2 . The solvatochromic response of 3 dissolved in 26 solvents of different polarity has been measured. The solvent‐dependent long‐wavelength UV/Vis spectroscopic absorption maxima, v_max, are analyzed using the empirical Kamlet–Taft solvent parameters π* (dipolarity/polarizability), α (hydrogen‐bond donating capacity), and β (hydrogen‐bond accepting ability) in terms of the well‐established linear solvation energy relationship (LSER): (1) The solvent independent coefficients s , a , and b and (v_max)₀ have been determined. The McRae equation and the empirical solvent polarity index, E_T(30) have been also used to study the solvatochromism of 3 . Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chromatographic selectivity triangles

2010 marked the 50th anniversary of the use of selectivity triangles to characterize chromatographic phases. Such plots ultimately identify and quantify the blend of intermolecular interactions that occur between solutes and solvents/phases. The first chromatographic triangle was proposed by Brown and applied to GC stationary phases. Snyder then developed the influential solvent selectivity triangle (SST) based on the gas-liquid partition data of Rohrschneider. The SST was combined with simplex experimental designs to optimize RPLC separations. Subsequent criticisms of the work revolved around the inaccurate predictions that resulted from the SST. These inaccuracies ultimately relate to the inability of the SST to account for the effects of water on the interaction ability of organic solvents. Other criticisms focused on the selection of the three probe solutes (ethanol, dioxane, and nitromethane) that were used to define the apices of the SST. Here, the concerns include the lack of explicit consideration of dispersion interactions and the fact that the three probes do not represent any single intermolecular interaction but rather reflect a blend of intermolecular interactions. The SST approach was modified for NPLC by redefining the triangle apices to reflect the localization, general adsorption, and basicity of NPLC mobile phase modifiers. Because water is generally absent in NPLC, the triangle approach leads to better predictions for NPLC than for RPLC. In subsequent modifications of selectivity triangles, Fu and Khaledi have created a micellar selectivity triangle (MST) based on linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) and Zhang and Carr have used the Dolan-Snyder hydrophobic subtraction model to create RPLC column selectivity triangles. We end this review by highlighting more recent methods for comparing selectivities and by discussing a new 3D visualization tool for classifying chromatographic systems as having similar or different fundamental energetics of retention and hence having similar or different selectivities.     

聚(苯乙烯-co-甲基丙烯酸)自组装胶束假固定相电动色谱的特性

研究了两亲性无规共聚物聚(苯乙烯-co-甲基丙烯酸)(P(St-co-MAA))(单体摩尔比分别为6:4和7:3)自组装胶束的物理化学性质,及其作为假固定相(PSP)的胶束电动色谱性能。测定了聚合物胶束的临界胶束浓度(CMC),对胶束内核微环境的极性、表面电荷密度和流体力学直径等微结构参数进行了表征,对时间窗口、亚甲基选择性等电动色谱参数进行了测定,并与聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯-co-甲基丙烯酸)(P(MMA-co-MAA))胶束、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)胶束体系进行了比较;利用线性溶剂化能关系(LSER)研究了聚合物PSP的选择性差异。结果表明:P(St-co-MAA)体系具有最小的CMC、最宽的时间窗口和最好的亚甲基选择性;LSER表明,疏水作用是决定聚合物PSP选择性的最主要因素,氢键酸度其次,特别是P(St-co-MAA)(单体摩尔比7:3)体系具有最高的作用参数,显示了该PSP具有较高的分离选择性。     

Modeling of tracer diffusion in liquids when solute–solvent interactions are present

The linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model is employed to correlate the tracer diffusion coefficients of 550 binary systems at 298.15 K. Among the selected solutes and solvents there exist apolar, polar and hydrogen-bonding substances that can interact with themselves (solvent polymerization) or with the other compound (solute–solvent complexes formation). The results of the proposed formulas are compared with those of other predictive equations.     

Retention characteristics of a new butylimidazolium-based stationary phase. Part II: anion exchange and partitioning

A surface-confined ionic liquid (SCIL) and a commercial quaternary amine silica-based stationary phase were characterized employing the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) method in binary methanol/water mobile phases. The retention properties of the stationary phases were evaluated in terms of intermolecular interactions between 28 test solutes and the stationary phases. The comparison reveals a difference in the hydrophobic and hydrogen bond acceptance interaction properties between the two phases. The anion exchange retention mechanism of the SCIL phase was demonstrated using nucleotides. The utility of the SCIL phase in predicting logk _IL/water values by chromatographic methods is also discussed.