Green biosynthesis of Pt-nanoparticles from Anbara fruits: Toxic and protective effects on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wister rats

Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs) are synthesized from the Anbara fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and are characterized using various spectroscopic analytical methods. These PtNPs were used to study the Hepatotoxic and Hepatoprotective effects on acute liver damage caused by CCl₄ in Wister rats. Seventy-two rats of both sexes are divided into twelve groups and are treated with PtNPs and aqueous Anbara extract (AAE). Histopathological examinations were performed to identify the toxic effects on the vital organs of the rats. Hepatoprotective activity was monitored by observing the serobiochemical and hematological parameters and the intensity of hepatic marker enzymes alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the organs such as liver, intestine and kidney. Considerable experimental results were obtained when compared with the standard drug Silymarine. The PtNPs and AAE were proven to have protective activity of enzymes in the liver of Wister rats.     

The significance of changes in Mytella falcata (Orbigny, 1842) gill filaments chronically exposed to polluted environments

The impact of pollutants in an organism can be observed by changes in functional complexity at different levels. Bivalve gills are suitable for histopathological analysis because of their structure and function. This study aimed at examining the morphology of Mytella falcata gill filaments from three sites in the Santos estuary (São Paulo, Brazil) with different levels of environmental degradation to identify possible changes in gill structure and discuss the significance of these alterations. For this purpose, histological, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques were used. The filaments of animals from site A (less impacted site) were intact, while in sites B and C, pathological changes were observed, such as: detachment of the epithelium in the intermediate zone, morphological changes of this epithelium, inflammatory process, increase in the number of mucous cells and cell turnover processes. These results suggest that the related changes are an attempt to prevent the entrance of pollutants through gill filaments into the entire organism and that cell turnover is the final way to compensate cell injury.     

胃癌患者血清铜、锌水平与组织学分化程度及分期的关系探讨

为研究胃癌患者血清铜、锌水平与组织学分化程度及分期的关系,对经病理确诊的１１０例胃癌患者血清铜、锌水平进行了测定。结果表明,Ⅳ期患者血清铜高于不足Ⅳ期患者,Ｐ〈０．０５;分化不良型胃癌中Ⅳ期者血清铜高于不足Ⅳ期者,Ｐ〈０．０５;分化型胃癌中Ⅳ期者血清铜与不足Ⅳ期者无显著性差异,Ｐ〉０．０５;Ⅳ期患者中分化不良型胃癌血清铜高于分化型胃癌,Ｐ〈０．０５;血清锌水平在不同分化程度及不同病期间未见明显差异     

插入式激光对脂肪组织的作用

目的观察插入式Nd：YAG激光对脂肪组织的作用,探讨其在破坏脂肪细胞、减小脂肪组织体积、塑造体形方面的应用前景。方法建立猪动物模型,左项部皮下脂肪进行激光照射;右项部为空白对照区,不进行任何治疗。取术前、术后即刻、术后1周及术后1个月的脂肪组织,分别作光镜和电镜观察脂肪组织的变化情况。结果术后即刻脂肪组织结构破坏,视野内可见空白区,周围脂肪细胞不同程度破裂、融解,部分视野内见黑色的组织碳化表现;术后1周见炎性细胞密布,脂肪细胞数量少,成纤维细胞增生;术后1个月脂肪小叶结构不规则,胶原纤维增生明显、排列杂乱。激光照射能明显减少正常脂肪细胞的数量,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论组织插入式Nd：YAG激光可有效破坏脂肪细胞,减小了脂肪组织的体积,在塑造体形方面具有一定的应用价值。     

Nano-formulation of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzohydrazide: Preparation,characterization and studies of antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities as evaluated through amelioration of pancreatic Dysfunction in experimental animals

In the present work, nanoparticles of previously synthesized 3a derivatives of vanillic acid were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation method. Nanoparticles were further characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM analysis, XRD and zeta sizer. Diabetes was instigated in Wistar albino rats by intraperitoneal (I.P.) administration of Streptozotocin (60 ?mg/kg body weight). Vanillic acid (100 ?mg/kg), 3a (100 ?mg/kg) and 3aNPs (50 ?mg/kg) body weight were given orally for a period of 21 days. Blood glucose level and biochemical parameters such as cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, VLDL and antioxidant parameters were assessed by using diagnostic kits. SEM analysis and PDI of 3aNPs was found to be 0.2 which indicate monodisperse distribution. Significant decline in blood glucose level (p ?< ?0.001) was observed in antidiabetic studies along with the lipid lowering and antioxidant effect in dose-dependent manner. The noted results of the study showed that nanoparticles were found to be effective in treating diabetes.     

The use of histological, histochemical and ultramorphological techniques to detect gill alterations in Oreochromis niloticus reared in treated polluted waters

Fish gills are constituted by primary filaments and secondary lamellae, which are formed, basically, by three different cell types: pillar cells, respiratory cells and erythrocytes that circulate in the lamellae interior. This respiratory organ is very appreciated in environmental studies since it is constantly in contact with the water, accomplishing exchanges; besides this, it presents a high adaptation capacity. In this work, some fishes were reared in polluted waters treated by the flotation method (treated group) and compared with others that were reared in clean waters (control group). The ultramorphological, histological and histochemical analyses were used. The fishes from the treated group presented morphological alterations when compared with the control groups, such as lamellar fusion, aneurism and detachment of the respiratory epithelium. These alterations demonstrate the several adaptations, as morphologic as physiologic, that fishes can present when exposed to an inappropriate environment. The techniques employed are good tools to detect morphological biomarkers in gills of Oreochromis niloticus submitted to polluted waters.     

Quantification in histopathology—Can magnetic particles help?

Every year, more than 270,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK alone; this means that one in three people worldwide contract cancer within their lifetime. Histopathology is the principle method for confirming cancer and directing treatment. In this paper, a novel application of magnetic particles is proposed to help address the problem of subjectivity in histopathology. Preliminary results indicate that magnetic nanoparticles cannot only be used to assist diagnosis through improving quantification but also potentially increase throughput, hence offering a way of dramatically reducing costs within the routine histopathology laboratory.     

Utililization of experimental animal model for correlative multispectral MRI and pathological analysis of brain tumors

Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for non-invasive detection and evaluation of tumors of the central nervous system. However, discrimination of tumor boundaries from normal tissue, and the evaluation of heterogeneous lesions have proven to be limitations in traditional magnetic resonance imaging. The use of post-image acquisition processing techniques, such as multispectral tissue segmentation analysis, may provide more accurate clinical information. In this report, we have employed an experimental animal model for brain tumors induced by glial cells transformed by the human neurotropic JC virus to examine the utility of multispectral tissue segmentation for tumor cell identification. Six individual tissue types were discriminated by segmentation analysis, including heterogeneous tumor tissue, a clear demarcation of the boundary between tumor and non-tumor tissue, deep and cortical gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, the segmentation analysis was confirmed by histopathological evaluation. The use of multispectral tissue segmentation analysis may optimize the non-invasive determination and volumetric analysis of CNS neoplasms, thus providing improved clinical evaluation of tumor growth and evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments.     

Effect of gambogenic acid in attenuating diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rat model

Liver cancer, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma has been a widespread problem among general population. This study aims to investigate the modulating mechanism of gambogenic acid, a phenolic xanthonoid, in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were clustered into four groups (n = 6). Group I served as control treated with normal saline. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of DEN in saline (200 mg/kg b.w.) for groups II and III. Group III received oral administration of gambogenic acid (20 mg/kg b.w.) one hour post DEN administration, whereas group IV received oral administration of gambogenic acid (20 mg/kg b.w.) alone. Rats were sacrificed after 16 weeks to determine the levels of hepatic biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, hematological profile and histopathological changes. Gambogenic acid significantly ameliorated the expressions of oxidative stress markers TBARS, GSH (P < 0.05), enzymatic antioxidants GPx, CAT, SOD, GST (P < 0.05), apoptosis mediators (P < 0.05), and serum biomarkers for liver damage and tumor formation (P < 0.05) compared with DEN-induced model group. Hepatocellular levels of 8-OHdG were significantly diminished (P < 0.05) by gambogenic acid against the damage incurred by DEN. Liver histopathological derangements caused by DEN were reversed by gambogenic acid. The results clearly impacted the effect of gambogenic acid in attenuating DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats mediated through NF-kβ pathway and hepatocellular oxidative damage.     

In vivo anticancer and histopathology studies of Schiff bases on Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells: 1st Cancer Update

Three Schiff bases in two different concentrations were evaluated for their anti-tumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice. The in vivo anti-tumor potency of Schiff bases was assessed by measuring the increase in mean survival time of the drug treated over untreated control mice and treated standard (cisplatin) mice. Their toxicity was assessed in vivo in normal, standard, and EAC-bearing mice by measuring the drug-induced changes in biochemical as well as hematological parameters. The histopathology studies to assess the toxicity of these compounds on vital organs also have been studied. Among the three Schiff bases studied, 4-({[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]methylene}amino)-5-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (SB-3) at an optimal dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was found to enhance the mean survival time of infected mice. Deviated hematological parameters and mean survival time in tumor bearing mice were found to be significantly restored towards normal after treatment with SB-3 100 mg/kg body weight of mice. The ALP and SGOT values were found to approach the normal range. A:G ratios also did not deviate from normal on treatment with SB-3. The histopathology studies revealed only mild hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity when compared to the normal and standard. The splenic cellularity also did not show much variation from normal. SB-3 at a prime dose of 100 mg has shown promising anticancer activity in vivo against EAC when compared to standard drug with minimum toxic effects.