煤中15种微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配

建立了燃煤中１５种向量元素在悄灰和底灰中含量分布的经验公式，该公式可以估算煤中微量元素在燃烧产物中的分配及传输通量。煤中非挥发性元素大部分存在于底灰和飞灰中，挥发性元素进入大气的量较高。     

煤粉燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例实验研究

煤焦颗粒燃烧过程中,灰膜形成显著影响其燃烧特性。因此,本文借助高温沉降炉研究了61~75,75~90和90~125μm三种粒径黄陵烟煤在1273和1673 K温度下的燃烧特性与灰膜形成比例;借助扫描电镜(SEM)详细观测空心微珠颗粒内部结构,提出灰膜比例计算公式,并分析温度,粒径和碳转化率对灰膜比例的影响。结果表明,高温下大部分灰分在焦炭烧尽阶段以灰膜形式存在。灰膜比例随温度和碳转化率增加而增加,随煤粉粒径增大而减小。高温下灰分用于形成灰膜比例相对较高,这为煤焦燃尽阶段的低反应性提供了合理的解释。煤焦颗粒动态燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例随燃烧工况变化而变化。该研究为煤焦颗粒燃烧动力学模拟灰膜比例选择提供了关键数据支撑。     

煤燃烧中飞灰的光学特性和辐射传热

利用快速Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ红外光谱仪，对三种具有与锅炉煤粉飞灰组成相似的合成灰（即纯氧化物的混合物）的辐射特性进行了测量（ＫＢｒ压片方法）；同时，利用对不同细度粒子所测得的吸数指数，计算了其间充满了弥散灰粒子的平行平板间的辐射传热。结果表明：用透射光谱来确定吸收指数的传统方法，对颗粒的细度十分敏感，往往会造成不可接受的误差；另外，发现合成灰的吸数指数较之所对应的熔渣要高得多，这对美国Ｓｔａｎｆｏｒｄ大学试图用熔渣的光学参数来代替飞灰参数的想法提出了质疑。     

REMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS BY UTILIZING HYDROTHERMALLY TREATED CALCAREOUS FLY ASHES

This paper investigates a treated fly ash to act as a synthetic zeolite to remediate soils polluted with heavy metals and metalloids （As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Mn）. Four types of such ＇zeolites＇ were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a calcareous fly ash derived from Greek lignite-fired power plants： two with excess of sodium hydroxide in a solid/liquid ratio of 50 g·L^-1, and two with excess of fly ash in a solid/liquid ratio of 100g·L^-1. Soil samples were obtained from a former mining site at Lavrion, Greece. Mobilization and transfer of metals to the retention agents was effected by using HCI aq 1M, with satisfactory results with respect to As, Pb, Cu, Mn and Cd. The great variety of metal complexes in soil was found to be of major importance for the effectiveness of the overall process. The final products were solidified either on their own, or by using additives such as lime and cement.     

VITRIFICATION OF LIGNITE FLY ASH AND METAL SLAGS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLASS AND GLASS CERAMICS

This work focuses on the production of glass and glass-ceramics by using industrial wastes or by-products, e.g., two fly ashes from the combustion of lignite, a slag from the production of Fe-Ni and a slag from the making of steel. Vitrification took place at 1 350°-1450℃ and crystallization was achieved by heat treatment at 900, 950 and 1 000℃. The capability of the waste to be vitrified and subsequently devitrified was determined by XRD techniques. The crystalline phase depends greatly on the structure of the by-product and the heat treatment. The final products showed low leachability and good hardness.     

富氧燃烧气氛下无机元素的迁移转化规律

采用热力学平衡计算方法对小龙潭高钙飞灰在燃后区低温烟气下无机元素的迁移转化规律进行了研究。在常压下,常温~1000C范围内,重点分析了烟气中CO_2浓度和SO_2对飞灰中无机元素迁移转化规律的影响。结果表明,在低温烟气区,Ca、Mg组分易发生碳酸化反应。CO_2浓度会影响碳酸化反应的进行,而SO_2的存在会极大地促进硫酸盐的生成,从而抑制碳酸化反应。     

顺序等离子体光谱技术测定煤飞灰中常量,少量和微量元素

本文采用顺序等离子体光谱技术测定煤飞灰中主要成份（Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｓｉ、Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｔｉ）及微量成份（Ｃｕ、Ｓｃ、Ｖ、Ｎｉ、Ｂｅ、Ｍｎ）。用扫描光谱法研究了分析线的选择和光谱背景的扣除。试样用密封罐混酸溶解。测定煤飞灰标准样品ＮＢＳ１６３３ａ的结果与标准值一致。方法用于测定新制备的煤飞灰标准参考物。     

流动注射-氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定飞灰、炉渣中的汞和砷

采用流动注射-氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定飞灰、炉渣中的汞和砷。在酸性介质中,用硼氢化钾作还原剂,通过载气导入电热石英吸收管,在波长253.7nm和193.7nm处分别对汞、砷进行测定。结果表明,该方法对汞和砷的检出限分别为0.27ng/mL,0.16ng/mL,回收率分别为97.8%、96.7%。该法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,对实际样品的测定结果令人满意。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融污染物排放研究

在40℃-1400℃,升温速率为10℃/min,N2气氛下,利用热重分析仪,研究了飞灰熔融过程中污染物排放特点。实验发现,飞灰熔融过程中有分布在800℃-1000℃和1000℃-1200℃的两个主要失重峰;进一步在小试实验装置上收集并测定了熔融失重挥发物及气体污染物,讨论熔融过程中的质量分布规律。研究结果表明,飞灰熔融过程中在上述两个温度段的重金属和气体污染物均超标,如果处理不当会造成严重的二次污染。