基于表界面反应及优化的锂金属电池研究进展

金属锂具有高理论比容量和低还原电位, 是锂电池阳极的理想材料之一. 但在长期循环充放电过程中, 金属锂因锂枝晶生长会导致出现界面恶化及能量损失严重等问题, 对锂金属电极与电解质表界面反应的优化是一个重要研究方向. 本文介绍了锂枝晶产生的危害, 从分析及抑制锂枝晶沉积两方面综合评述了为解决这一问题所采取的方法, 包括固态电解质界面形成机制和保护机理、 表面改性、 三维锂阳极和液态/固态电解质等方法, 总结了各种方法的优劣势, 并展望锂金属电池在能源领域的研究前景.     

固相烧结法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeP2O7及其电化学性能研究

介绍了一种先冷冻干燥后固相烧结制备正极材料Li₂FeP₂O₇的方法. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对材料的组成和形态进行表征, 并通过循环伏安曲线(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了Li₂FeP₂O₇材料的电化学性能. 研究发现, 合成Li₂FeP₂O₇的最佳温度为590 ℃, 此温度下反应较完全且产物杂质较少, 1.6C倍率下的放电比容量达到55 mA·h·g^?1, 明显高于其它温度下合成样品的放电比容量. 该温度下合成的Li₂FeP₂O₇还具有低阻抗和较大的交换电流密度, 说明这种合成方式有利于提高锂离子在Li₂FeP₂O₇中的扩散.     

Effects of β‐nucleating agent and crystallization conditions on the crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of isotactic polypropylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composites

In this study, the effects of crystallization conditions (cooling rate and end temperature of cooling) on crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of isotactic polypropylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (iPP/MWCNTs) composites nucleated with different concentrations of β‐nucleating agent (tradename TMB‐5) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results of DSC, WAXD and SEM revealed that the addition of MWCNTs and TMB‐5 evidently elevates crystallization temperatures and significantly decreases the crystal sizes of iPP. Because of the competition between α‐nucleation (provided by MWCNTs) and β‐nucleation (induced by TMB‐5), the β‐phase crystallization takes place only when 0.15 wt% and higher concentration of TMB‐5 is added. Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics study showed that the crystallization activation energy ΔE of β‐nucleated iPP/MWCNTs composites is obviously higher than that of pure iPP, which slightly increases with the increase of TMB‐5 concentration, accompanying with the transition of its polymorphic crystallization behavior. The results of non‐isothermal crystallization and melting behavior suggested that the cooling rate and end temperature of cooling (T_end) are important factors in determining the proportion and thermal stability of β‐phase: Lower cooling rate favors the formation of less amount of β‐phase with higher thermal stability, while higher cooling rate encourages the formation of higher proportion of β‐phase with lower thermal stability. The T_end = 100°C can eliminate the β–α recrystallization during the subsequent heating and therefore enhance the thermal stability of the β‐phase. By properly selecting TMB‐5 concentration, cooling rate and T_end, high β‐phase proportion of 88.9% of the sample was obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双组分有机低分子凝胶的研究进展

双组分有机低分子凝胶的研究已成为纳米化学新兴研究领域的热点之一, 形成双组分有机低分子凝胶的有机分子具有多种结构, 例如: 巴比妥酸衍生物、氨基酸衍生物、糖类衍生物、金属有机化合物、胆固醇类衍生物和树枝状分子等. 较系统地综述了目前已知的双组分凝胶及其所涉及的有机低分子凝胶因子的主要结构类型, 并展望了双组分有机低分子凝胶的应用前景.     

Adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene on carboxylated porous polystyrene microspheres

Large-pore-size (150 nm) polystyrene (PSt) microspheres were carboxylated with phthalic anhydride (PA) through Friedel-Crafts acetylation to study the adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on this material from aqueous solution. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and mercury porosimetry measurements (MPM) of the microspheres showed that the pore structure was unchanged during the reaction. High adsorption capacity (11.2 mg g⁻¹ of suction-dried adsorbent) and adsorption rate (33.9 mg g⁻¹ h⁻¹) for TNT were observed during the study. As shown by the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption of TNT on PA-PSt can be described by the Freundlich adsorption equation, indicating heterogeneous adsorption process. On-column adsorption of TNT on PA-PSt and elution indicated that TNT can be completely removed from aqueous solution and condensed into acetone.     

Study of Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5) O3−Ni0.36Zn0.64Fe1.88O4−ε Mixed ceramics with the Mössbauer spectroscopy

A kind of ferroelectrics-ferromagnet mixed ceramics material which ∈≈μ=75 to 80 has been prepared successfully. The original ferroelectrics and ferromagnet materials and the mixed ceramics material have been studied by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy, etc. Mössbauer study indicated the presence of a relaxation effect in the mixed ceramics and the differences of Mössbauer parameters, especially, the hyperfine field distributionsP(H) between the mixed ceramics and the original ferromagnet materials. These results showed that complicated hyperfine interactions exist in mixed ceramics. The sintering temperature has an effect on the cation distribution in mixed ceramics.     

119Sn and121Sb Mössbauer studies of BaSn1−x Sb x O3 Perovskite system

The relations between the electrical characteristics of BaSn_1?x Sb _x O₃ perovskite system and the contents of BaO, Sb₂O₃ and silicate sintering agent were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that the electrical conductivity is related to the substitution of Sb³⁺ for Sn⁴⁺, the content of sintering agent and the phase constitutents in samples. BaSnO₃, Ba₃Sn₂O₇, Ba₂SnO₄ and SnO₂ phases might appear in different fractions when the contents of BaO change from 0.5 mole to 3.5 mole. In low antimony percentage condition, pentavalent Sb³⁺ ions inserted in Sn⁴⁺ sites and formed the donor center. In high antimony percentage (x≥0.20) condition, the existence of an insulating phase (BaSb₂O₆) was confirmed.