Highly charged ions in a new era of high resolution X-ray astrophysics

X-ray astronomy and ground-based atomic physics have a long history of fruitful collaboration: Sound understanding of the underlying atomic physics is the key to reliable interpretation of the spectra from celestial sources; conversely, astronomical spectra have been used to benchmark and advance atomic physics. This interplay is about to become even more important as we enter a new era of high-resolution X-ray astrophysics with large effective collection area. Although high-resolution observations with the gratings on the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories continue to drive new science, upcoming planned and proposed missions will open up new discovery space in the near future that is currently challenging to access: high-resolution spectroscopy on extended sources, in the Fe K band, and on short time scales. This review summarizes open questions in these areas and the design parameters for the Hitomi, XRISM, Athena, and Arcus observatories. The expected high quality of spectra taken with these observatories puts new constraints on the accuracy of atomic reference data required to take full advantage of the diagnostic potential of these spectra.     

Glyceride‐Mimetic Prodrugs Incorporating Self‐Immolative Spacers Promote Lymphatic Transport,Avoid First‐Pass Metabolism,and Enhance Oral Bioavailability

First‐pass hepatic metabolism can significantly limit oral drug bioavailability. Drug transport from the intestine through the lymphatic system, rather than the portal vein, circumvents first‐pass metabolism. However, the majority of drugs do not have the requisite physicochemical properties to facilitate lymphatic access. Herein, we describe a prodrug strategy that promotes selective transport through the intestinal lymph vessels and subsequent release of drug in the systemic circulation, thereby enhancing oral bioavailability. Using testosterone (TST) as a model high first‐pass drug, glyceride‐mimetic prodrugs incorporating self‐immolative (SI) spacers, resulted in remarkable increases (up to 90‐fold) in TST plasma exposure when compared to the current commercial product testosterone undecanoate (TU). This approach opens new opportunities for the effective development of drugs where oral delivery is limited by first‐pass metabolism and provides a new avenue to enhance drug targeting to intestinal lymphoid tissue.     

Shear dependence of viscosity for perfluoropolyether fluids

The shear dependence of the bulk viscosities of two structurally different types of perfluoropolyether fluids was determined by two different techniques. The first involved direct measurement in a high shear Couette viscometer, the second utilized the time-temperature superposition principle to establish master curves from viscosity determinations at low shear rates and temperature; the results are comparable. Both fluids begin to show non-Newtonian behavior at shear rates above 10,000 s^–1.     

Relation between steady shear flow and dynamic rheology

Summary The relationships between steady shear flow and dynamic rheology are investigated at relatively high shear rates and frequencies. A useful empirical relationship in this region predicts that the magnitude of the complex dynamic viscosity | ^*| should be compared with the shear viscosity at equal values of frequency and shear rate (Cox-Merz-rule). Polystyrenes (PS) and Polyacrylamides (PAAm) have been investigated over a wide range of concentration and molecular weight. Only in case of PAAm/H₂O solutions we have found that the results do not coincide with Cox-Merz-rule. As far as we know this is the first time that deviations from Cox-Merz-rule were observed in a homogeneous system. A molecular interpretation is given.

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Zusammenfassung Die Beziehung zwischen der Scherviskosität und der komplexen (dynamischen) Viskosität bei relativ hohen Schergeschwindigkeiten und Frequenzen wurde untersucht. Eine geeignete empirische Beziehung in diesem Bereich sagt aus, daß der Betrag der komplexen Viskosität | ^*| mit der Scherviskosität bei gleichen Werten von Frequenz und Schergeschwindigkeit vergleichbar ist (Cox-Merz-Regel). Polystyrole (PS) and Polyacrylamide (PAAm) wurden über einen weiten Bereich der Konzentration und des Molekulargewichts untersucht. Nur im Fall der PAAm/H₂O-Lösungen wurden Abweichungen von der Cox-Merz-Regel gefunden. Soweit uns bekannt, ist es das erste Mal, daß Abweichungen von der Cox-Merz-Regel in einem homogenen System gefunden wurden. Eine molekulare Erklärung wird gegeben.

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Presented at the IUPAC 26^th International Symposium on Macromolecules, Mainz, September 17–21, 1979.

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With 4 figures and 1 table     

The influence of pressure on the capillary flow of poly(methyl methacrylate)

Summary Pressure effects in the capillary flow of a single sample of poly(methyl methacrylate),M _v = 1.33 · 10⁵, were evaluated. The length/diameter ratios of the different capillaries used varied from 4 to 100. The tests were made with an Instron rheometer in the range 160–250 °C. The pressure-viscosity model, derived from the free volume-WLF equation, was used to pressure correct the capillary data. The corrected data agreed well with data obtained at atmospheric pressure using aWeissenberg rheogoniometer. A derived expression to calculate an increase in the flow activation energy with increasing stress predicts the observed increase in activation energy.

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Zusammenfassung Druckeffekte bei der Kapillarströmung einer einzelnen Polymethylmethacrylat-ProbeM _v = 1,33 · 10⁵ werden abgeschätzt. Die Längen/Durchmesserverhältnisse der verschiedenen verwendeten Kapillaren variierten zwischen 4 und 100. Im Temperaturbereich zwischen 160 und 250 °C wurden die Versuche mit einem Instron-Rheometer durchgeführt. Das Druck-Viskositätsmodell, das aus der WLF-Gleichung abgeleitet war, wurde zur Druckkorrektur der Kapillardaten verwendet. Die korrigierten Werte zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Werten, die bei Atmosphärendruck mit Hilfe einesWeissenberg-Rheogoniometers gewonnen worden waren. Ein abgeleiteter Ausdruck zur Berechnung des Anstiegs der Strömungs-Aktivierungsenergie mit steigender Spannung sagt den beobachteten Anstieg in der Aktivierungsenergie voraus.

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On leave from Montecatini Edison, Milan (Italy).     

On the viscosity-temperature behavior of polymer melts

Based on the free volume concept and the equation by Doolittle, an empirical equation is offered for the flow activation energy, E ^*, for polymer melts for the range of over 150°C above glass transition temperature, T _g. This E ^* represents the temperature coefficient of viscosity for the Newtonian region which is also equal to the value measured at constant shear stress for non-Newtonian flow. Data show that the E ^* of linear polymers approaches a constant value for a temperature range above T _g+150°C. Data on 17 polymers are correlated. The proposed equation for this region predicts the E ^* of polymer melts from the volume expansion coefficient, _l, above T _g and also from the T _g.Correlations have also been developed between E ^* and _l and between E ^* and T _g by simplifying the equation by use of the Simha-Boyer expression. A polymer having a lower _l or higher T _g generally has a higher E ^*. However, more satisfactory results are obtained by calculating E ^* from both _l and T _g. The E ^* calculated is found to agree with measurements within the experimental precision of about ±1 Kcal/mole.The effects of polymer composition, molecular weight, branching and microstructure on E ^* are also discussed. These factors influence E ^* in the way in which they effect _l and T _g.     

A novel single particle study of steam gasification kinetics of a coal-derived char at high temperatures and pressures

A novel single particle experiment was developed to allow for detailed char gasification measurements in pure steam at temperatures from 1000 °C to 1400  °C and pressures from 1  bar to 15  bar. A coal-derived activated carbon was thoroughly characterized with respect to its composition, physical structure, and reactivity revealing properties consistent with chars reported in the literature. The single particle approach allowed for the boundary and initial conditions to be well known and for the mass of the particle to be accurately measured before and after testing to provide high-quality conversion data. The resulting conversion data were analyzed using the random pore model and the shrinking core model, of which the random pore model provided the best fit. Apparent activation energies were calculated using the random pore model which provided values ranging from 57.1 kJ/mol to 129 kJ/mol which are nominally half of the magnitude of the values reported in the literature under kinetically controlled conditions, thus demonstrating that regime II conditions were present. Additionally, the activation energies decreased with increasing temperature further demonstrating the presence of regime II conditions. The calculated reaction order ranged from 0 to 0.5 and decreased with increasing pressure agreeing well with literature values and trends.     

Layer Communities in Multiplex Networks

Journal of Statistical Physics - Multiplex networks are a type of multilayer network in which entities are connected to each other via multiple types of connections. We propose a method, based on...