A Coumarin Triflate Reagent Enables One-Step Synthesis of Photo-Caged Lipid Metabolites for Studying Cell Signaling

Photorelease of caged compounds is among the most powerful experimental approaches for studying cellular functions on fast timescales. However, its full potential has yet to be exploited, as the number of caged small molecules available for cell biological studies has been limited by synthetic challenges. Addressing this problem, a straightforward, one-step procedure for efficiently synthesizing caged compounds was developed. An in situ generated benzylic coumarin triflate reagent was used to specifically functionalize carboxylate and phosphate moieties in the presence of free hydroxy groups, generating various caged lipid metabolites, including a number of GPCR ligands. By combining the photo-caged ligands with the respective receptors, an easily implementable experimental platform for the optical control and analysis of GPCR-mediated signal transduction in living cells was developed. Ultimately, the described synthetic strategy allows rapid generation of photo-caged small molecules and thus greatly facilitates the analysis of their biological roles in live cell microscopy assays.     

Diffractive-optical processing of temporal signals, part Ⅰ: basic principles

The topic of this paper is the utilization of time for optical information processing. As clock rates in computing and communication systems increase and reach the THz border, optical techniques for signal filtering, shaping and clock distribution become attractive. We discuss the use of optics in temporal processing and consider in particular diffractive solutions. In part one of this paper, we discuss the basic concepts of temporal optics.     

Ein Experiment zur Überschreitung der Abbeschen Auflösungsgrenze

It is possible to overcome the Abbe limit of resolution by a factor two. For this one needs the A PRIORI knowledge, that the object is not birefringent or dichroic. That is to say, the object acts identically on both of the independant polarization components of the incident light. Then already one polarization component would be enough to form an image as complete as it is permitted by the lens system and by the aperture. The other polarization component would produce an identical image. Hence the capacity of the other polarization component to carry information from the object plane to the image plane is vasted. This vaste can be avoided by means of a special set up, containing e.g. twoWollaston prism. The result is the doubling in resolution without any increase of the aperture. This has been confirmed experimentally both for coherent and incoherent illumination.     

Holography through fog. A new version

Seeing through fog is better with holography than with ordinary photography or human vision. This has to do with the Doppler effect, which is imparted on the light that is scattered by moving fog droplets. Experiments of this type are known since about ten years. So far, these experiments were always performed with off-axis holography, while we now propose to use on-axis holography. The new approach is better matched to the capabilities of the electronic components that are needed for hologram reconstruction in real-time. Advantages in resolution and dynamic range are predicted and verified experimentally.     

Study of proton dissociation into ΛK+ in 3-body final states at 10 and 16 GeV/c

Results are presented for p → (ΛK⁺) dissociation in the reactions K^?p → ΛK⁺K^? and and π^±p → ΛK⁺π^±at 10 and 16 GeV/c. The cross sections for the low-mass ΛK⁺ enhancement are compatible with the energy dependence σ ∝ p_lab^?0.3. The t′ spectra or the (ΛK⁺) threshold enhancement are exponential in shape. Its decay angular distribution reveals neither s-channel nor t-channel helicity conservation. The relative probabilities of the processes $\text{p}\text{→}\text{p, p}\text{→ (}\text{N}\text{π)}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>I=</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{and p}\text{→ (Λ}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}$ dissociation are in the ratios 100 : 10 : 0.2, independent of the nature of the incident particle.     

Cross-section energy dependence of planar and non-planar two-body hypercharge-exchange reactions

The energy dependence of total cross sections for twenty-three two-body hypercharge-exchange reactions is studied. It is found that the planar reactions have in general a less steep fall-off with increasing energy than the non-planar reactions. Explanations of the difference in terms of kinematics and dynamics (baryon exchange and t-channel exchange effects) are discussed and found highly improbable. Implications of the effects observed are discussed.     

Ionenadsorption an der Grenzfläche Oxid/Elektrolyt

Summary Adsorption of ions at the oxide/electrolyte interface is explained by a model which compares adsorption and complex formation of the corresponding ions in solution.