全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4982篇 |
免费 | 646篇 |
国内免费 | 507篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3668篇 |
晶体学 | 40篇 |
力学 | 317篇 |
综合类 | 39篇 |
数学 | 558篇 |
物理学 | 1513篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 82篇 |
2022年 | 88篇 |
2021年 | 147篇 |
2020年 | 195篇 |
2019年 | 205篇 |
2018年 | 169篇 |
2017年 | 148篇 |
2016年 | 226篇 |
2015年 | 209篇 |
2014年 | 254篇 |
2013年 | 364篇 |
2012年 | 383篇 |
2011年 | 408篇 |
2010年 | 273篇 |
2009年 | 271篇 |
2008年 | 309篇 |
2007年 | 260篇 |
2006年 | 277篇 |
2005年 | 209篇 |
2004年 | 186篇 |
2003年 | 158篇 |
2002年 | 178篇 |
2001年 | 137篇 |
2000年 | 110篇 |
1999年 | 121篇 |
1998年 | 99篇 |
1997年 | 80篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 80篇 |
1994年 | 65篇 |
1993年 | 55篇 |
1992年 | 58篇 |
1991年 | 32篇 |
1990年 | 38篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 21篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 19篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有6135条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
To control the temporal profile of a relativistic electron beam to meet requirements of various advanced scientific applications like free-electron-laser and plasma wakefield acceleration, a widely-used technique is to manipulate the dispersion terms which turns out to be one-to-many problems. Due to their intrinsic one-to-many property, current popular stochastic optimization approaches on temporal shaping may face the problems of long computing time or sometimes suggesting only one solution. Here we propose a real-time solver for one-to-many problems of temporal shaping, with the aid of a semi-supervised machine learning method, the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN). We demonstrate that the CGAN solver can learn the one-to-many dynamics and is able to accurately and quickly predict the required dispersion terms for different custom temporal profiles. This machine learning-based solver is expected to have the potential for wide applications to one-to-many problems in other scientific fields. 相似文献
2.
Enhancing the thermoelectric performance through the mutual interaction between conjugated polyelectrolytes and single-walled carbon nanotubes 下载免费PDF全文
We present a method of constructing composites composed of conjugated polyelectrolytes(CPEs)and singlewalled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)to obtain a high-performing flexible thermoelectric generator.In this approach,three kinds of polymers,namely,poly[(1,4-(2,5-didodecyloxybenzene)-alt-2,5-thiophene](P1),poly[(1,4-(2,5-bis-sodium butoxysulfonate-phenylene)-alt-2,5-thiophene](P2),and poly[(1,4-(2,5-bis-acid butoxysulfonic-phenylene)-alt-2,5-thiophene](P3)are designed,synthesized and complexed with SWCNTs as thermoelectric composites.The electrical conductivities of the CPEs/SWCNTs(P2/SWCNTs,and P3/SWCNTs)nanocomposites are much higher than those of non-CPEs/SWCNTs(P1/SWCNTs)nanocomposites.Among them,the electrical conductivity of P2/SWCNTs with a ratio of 1:4 reaches 3686 S·cm-1,which is 12.4 times that of P1/SWCNTs at the same SWCNT mass ratio.Moreover,CPEs/SWCNTs composites(P2/SWCNTs)display remarkably improved thermoelectric properties with the highest power factor(PF)of 163μW·m-1·K-1.In addition,a thermoelectric generator is fabricated with P2/SWCNTs composite films,and the output power and power density of this generator reach 1.37μW and 1.4 W·m;(cross-section)at△T=70 K.This result is over three times that of the thermoelectric generator composed of non-CPEs/SWCNTs composite films(P1/SWCNTs,0.37μW).The remarkably improved electrical conductivities and thermoelectric properties of the CPEs/SWCNTs composites(P2/SWCNTs)are attributed to the enhanced interaction.This method for constructing CPEs/SWCNTs composites can be applied to produce thermoelectric materials and devices. 相似文献
3.
万升联 《数学物理学报(A辑)》2021,(1):237-244
该文研究一种新的解变分不等式的二次投影算法.通过构造一类新的严格分离当前迭代和变分不等式解集的超平面,进而建立了解决伪单调变分不等式投影算法的一种新的框架.通过改进已有结果的证明方法,证明了该算法生成的无穷序列是全局收敛的,并且在局部误差和Lipschitz条件下给出了收敛率分析. 相似文献
4.
本文研究了~(40)Ca~(35)Cl分子低态的自旋轨道耦合分裂以及获得更精确的光谱常数和更高的激发态.以从头算理论为基础,使用多参考组态相互作用方法获得了该分子的势能曲线和自旋轨道分裂,之后求解径向一维薛定谔方程获得光谱常数.得到了~(40)Ca~(35)Cl分子7个Λ-S低电子态的势能曲线和永久偶极矩,以及A~2Π→~2Σ~+,1~2Δ和C~2Π→~2Σ~+,1~2Δ跃迁的跃迁偶极矩,得到的光谱常数(不管是考虑了自旋轨道耦合(SOC)还是没有考虑SOC)与实验值非常符合,且要好于之前的理论计算结果 .值得注意的是,目前的计算还首次得到了C~2Π→~2Σ+,1~2Δ跃迁的跃迁性质,为之后实验观察~(40)Ca~(35)Cl分子的高激发态光谱和跃迁性质提供有益的理论参考. 相似文献
5.
Stock markets in the world are linked by complicated and dynamical relationships into a temporal network.Extensive works have provided us with rich findings from the topological properties and their evolutionary trajectories,but the underlying dynamical mechanism is still not in order.In the present work,we proposed a technical scheme to reveal the dynamical law from the temporal network.The index records for the global stock markets form a multivariate time series.One separates the series into segments and calculates the information flows between the markets,resulting in a temporal market network representing the state and its evolution.Then the technique of the Koopman decomposition operator is adopted to find the law stored in the information flows.The results show that the stock market system has a high flexibility,i.e.,it jumps easily between different states.The information flows mainly from high to low volatility stock markets.And the dynamical process of information flow is composed of many dynamic modes distribute homogenously in a wide range of periods from one month to several ten years,but there exist only nine modes dominating the macroscopic patterns. 相似文献
6.
7.
Dr. Qing Li Shenhua Li Dr. Shasha He Wan Chen Penghui Cheng Dr. Yan Zhang Prof. Qingqing Miao Prof. Kanyi Pu 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(18):7084-7089
Discriminative detection of invasive and noninvasive breast cancers is crucial for their effective treatment and prognosis. However, activatable probes able to do so in vivo are rare. Herein, we report an activatable polymeric reporter (P-Dex) that specifically turns on near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent and photoacoustic (PA) signals in response to the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) overexpressed in invasive breast cancer. P-Dex has a renal-clearable dextran backbone that is linked with a NIR dye caged with an uPA-cleavable peptide substrate. Such a molecular design allows P-Dex to passively target tumors, activate NIR fluorescence and PA signals to effectively distinguish invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer from noninvasive MCF-7 breast cancer, and ultimately undergo renal clearance to minimize the toxicity potential. Thus, this polymeric reporter holds great promise for the early detection of malignant breast cancer. 相似文献
8.
Jian-Kun Sun Linlin Zhang Liang Yue Tang Tang Wen-Jie Jiang Yun Zhang Zhenxiao Pan Xinhua Zhong Jin-Song Hu Li-Jun Wan 《中国科学:化学(英文版)》2018,61(10):1338-1344
Developing efficient counter electrodes (CEs) and quantum dots made of earth-abundant and non-toxic elements is essential but still challenging for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Here, we report a facile strategy to prepare self-supported and robust CoS2 and NiS nanocrystals-assembled nanosheets directly grown on carbon paper (MSx NS@CP) as efficient counter electrodes for QDSSCs. Such CEs integrate the merits of fast electron transfer from interconnected conductive scaffold, efficient mass transfer from hierarchically vertical nanosheet on 3D open substrate, as well as abundant highly active catalytic sites from metal sulphide nanocrystal units. As a result, QDDSCs based on such CoS2 NS@CP and NiS NS@CP CEs achieve a PCE of 8.88% and 7.53%, respectively. The detailed analyses suggest that CoS2 NS@CP has the highest catalytic activity and shows the lowest charger transfer resistance, leading to the highest PCE. These findings may inspire the design and exploration of other self-supported efficient CEs by integrating highly active catalysts onto 3D conductive networks for efficient QDSSCs. 相似文献
9.
新化合物N-[2-(苯胺基)苯基]-2甲氧基吡啶-3-甲酰胺(C19H17N3O2)通过三步反应合成, 其结构通过1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS表征,其晶体结构通过 X-ray单晶射线衍射仪解析。该晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为P 1 21/n 1,晶胞参数为:a = 10.6329(18)?,b = 13.026(2) ?,c = 12.267(2) ?;Z =4, V =1669.7(5) ?3, Mr = 319.35, Dc = 1.270 mg/m3, S = 1.027, F(000) = 672, μ (MoKα) = 0.085 mm-1 ,可观测点精修最终偏离因子R = 0.0535 以及wR = 0.1353 和3854 个可观测点 I > 2σ(I). 晶体结构表明分子间存在氢键N(3)–H(3)???O(2)对晶体结构起到稳定的作用。初步除草活性表明,化合物N-[2-(苯胺基)苯基]-2甲氧基吡啶-3-甲酰胺在3000 g a.i/hm2对稗草的茎叶处理抑制率为91.81%。 相似文献
10.
Dr. Weixin Zou Lixia Xu Yu Pu Haojie Cai Xiaoqian Wei Yidan Luo Dr. Lulu Li Prof. Dr. Bin Gao Prof. Dr. Haiqin Wan Prof. Dr. Lin Dong 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(19):5058-5064
Bimetallic AgPd nanoparticles have been synthesized before, but the interfacial electronic effects of AgPd on the photocatalytic performance have been investigated less. In this work, the results of hydrogen evolution suggest that the bimetallic AgPd/g-C3N4 sample has superior activity to Ag/g-C3N4 and Pd/g-C3N4 photocatalysts. The UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO adsorption diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, and FTIR results demonstrate that in the AgPd/g-C3N4, the surface electronic structures of Pd and Ag are changed, which is beneficial for faster photogenerated electron transfer and greater H2O molecule adsorption. In situ ESR spectra suggest that, under visible light irradiation, there is more H2O dissociation to radical species on the AgPd/g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Furthermore, DFT calculations confirm the interfacial electronic effects of AgPd/g-C3N4, that is, Pdδ−⋅⋅⋅Agδ+, and the activation energy of H2O molecule dissociation on AgPd/g-C3N4 is the lowest, which is the main contributor to the enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. 相似文献