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1.
The combination of flow injection analysis with chemiluminescent detection is shown to provide extremely selective and sensitive detection of insect pheromones which possess an aldehyde moiety. The flow injection analysis system provides reproducible control of both the reaction chemistry and the sample introduction process. Microliter volume samples can be precisely handled and analyzed with this experimental configuration. The detection system is based on the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide which occurs in the presence of aldehydes with carbon backbones of between 14 and 16 carbons. A limit of detection of 3 fmol of tetradecyl aldehyde is demonstrated and the system is shown to be insensitive to the presence of various organic solvents up to concentrations of approximately 10%. The key experimental variables which control sensitive detection of pheromone at the femtomole level with be investigated and discussed.  相似文献   
2.
The vapor pressure of pure liquid indium, and the sum of pressures of (In) and (In2O) species over the condensed phase mixture {In} + <In2O3>, contained in a silica vessel, have been measured by Knudsen effusion and Langmuir free vaporization methods in the temperatue range 600 to 950°C. Mass spectrometric studies reported in the literature show that (In) and (In2O) are the important species in the vapor phase over the {In} + <In2O3 >; mixture. The vapor pressure of (In2O) corresponding to the reaction,
deduced from the present measurements is given by the equation,
The “apparent evaporation coefficient” for the condensed phase mixture is approximately 0.8. The energy for the dissociation (In2O) molecule into atoms calculated from the above equation is D°0 = 180.0 (± 1.0) kcal mol?1.  相似文献   
3.
Black holes have piqued much curiosity. But thus far they have been important only in remote subjects like astrophysics and quantum gravity. We show that the situation can be improved. By a judicious application of black hole physics, one can obtain new results in everyday physics. For example, black holes yield a quantum universal upper bound on the entropy-to-energy ratio for ordinary thermodynamical systems which was unknown earlier. It can be checked, albeit with much labor, by ordinary statistical methods. Black holes set a limitation on the number of species of elementary particles-quarks, leptons, neutrinos-which may exist. And black holes lead to a fundamental limitation on the rate at which information can be transferred for given message energy by any communication system.This Essay received the first award from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1981-Ed.  相似文献   
4.
This paper investigates the influences of wind speed and of heat-convection coefficient on the temperature prediction of a slab. Numerical calculation of a slab temperature found that wind speed varies the slab temperature in a degree of 2–10 °C. More varying degrees occur at midday and in sunny day but less, at midnight and in a cloud day. These degrees also depend on the used heat-convection coefficients, which have different values in different models. Special emphases are paid to unearth the correlation between different heat convection coefficients and find the best alternative in the slab-temperature prediction.  相似文献   
5.
The temperature field generated by the sudden application of a far-field mechanical loading of a periodically layered composite with an interfacial crack or with a cracked layer parallel to the interfaces is determined. As a result of the crack’s existence, the periodicities of the structure and the thermoelastic field are lost. The complexity of the resulting problem is resolved by the combined application of the representative cell method and the full (two-way) dynamic thermomechanical equations. In the former analysis, due to the loss of periodicity the dynamic thermoelastic Green’s functions are generated, in conjunction with the double finite discrete Fourier transform. In the latter one, the transformed displacements and temperature are expressed by second-order expansions and the strong-form of the elastodynamic and energy equations together with the various interfacial and the so called Born–von Karman boundary conditions are imposed in the average sense (in the transform domain). The results exhibit the induced temperature field at any point in the plane of the crack. The generated temperature fields show the cooling and heating zones in both Mode I and Mode II deformations. In addition, the adiabatic assumption (according to which the heat conduction is a priori ignored) is assessed by comparing the computed temperature field with the corresponding one based on the full thermomechanical coupling.  相似文献   
6.
According to the universal entropy bound, the entropy (and hence information capacity) of a complete weakly self-gravitating physical system can be bounded exclusively in terms of its circumscribing radius and total gravitating energy. The bound’s correctness is supported by explicit statistical calculations of entropy, gedanken experiments involving the generalized second law, and Bousso’s covariant holographic bound. On the other hand, it is not always obvious in a particular example how the system avoids having too many states for given energy, and hence violating the bound. We analyze in detail several purported counterexamples of this type, and exhibit in each case the mechanism behind the bound’s efficacy. In memoriam Asher Peres.  相似文献   
7.
Real-world networks are characterized by common features, including among others a scale-free degree distribution, a high clustering coefficient and a short typical distance between nodes. These properties are usually explained by the dynamics of edge and node addition and deletion.  相似文献   
8.
Quantum spin tunneling and Kondo effect are two very different quantum phenomena that produce the same effect on quantized spins, namely, the quenching of their magnetization. However, the nature of this quenching is very different so that quantum spin tunneling and Kondo effect compete with each other. Importantly, both quantum spin tunneling and Kondo effect produce very characteristic features in the spectral function that can be measured by means of single spin scanning tunneling spectroscopy and allows to probe the crossover from one regime to the other. We model this crossover, and the resulting changes in transport, using a non-perturbative treatment of a generalized Anderson model including magnetic anisotropy that leads to quantum spin tunneling. We predict that, at zero magnetic field, integer spins can feature a split-Kondo peak driven by quantum spin tunneling.  相似文献   
9.
Transient hot-wire data on thermal conductivity of suspensions of silica and perfluorinated particles show agreement with the mean-field theory of Maxwell but not with the recently postulated microconvection mechanism. The influence of interfacial thermal resistance, convective effects at microscales, and the possibility of thermal conductivity enhancements beyond the Maxwell limit are discussed.  相似文献   
10.
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