首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   4350篇
  免费   250篇
  国内免费   19篇
化学   3028篇
晶体学   20篇
力学   97篇
数学   607篇
物理学   867篇
  2023年   47篇
  2022年   30篇
  2021年   81篇
  2020年   136篇
  2019年   133篇
  2018年   89篇
  2017年   73篇
  2016年   203篇
  2015年   146篇
  2014年   172篇
  2013年   244篇
  2012年   381篇
  2011年   478篇
  2010年   222篇
  2009年   138篇
  2008年   307篇
  2007年   315篇
  2006年   284篇
  2005年   269篇
  2004年   186篇
  2003年   120篇
  2002年   89篇
  2001年   37篇
  2000年   19篇
  1999年   13篇
  1998年   13篇
  1997年   16篇
  1996年   34篇
  1995年   32篇
  1994年   29篇
  1993年   33篇
  1992年   28篇
  1991年   8篇
  1990年   8篇
  1989年   11篇
  1987年   6篇
  1986年   9篇
  1985年   11篇
  1984年   7篇
  1983年   10篇
  1982年   16篇
  1981年   7篇
  1980年   7篇
  1979年   15篇
  1978年   9篇
  1977年   10篇
  1976年   11篇
  1974年   8篇
  1973年   33篇
  1970年   5篇
排序方式: 共有4619条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Coordination within and between organisms is one of the most complex abilities of living systems, requiring the concerted regulation of many physiological constituents, and this complexity can be particularly difficult to explain by appealing to physics. A valuable framework for understanding biological coordination is the coordinative structure, a self-organized assembly of physiological elements that collectively performs a specific function. Coordinative structures are characterized by three properties: (1) multiple coupled components, (2) soft-assembly, and (3) functional organization. Coordinative structures have been hypothesized to be specific instantiations of dissipative structures, non-equilibrium, self-organized, physical systems exhibiting complex pattern formation in structure and behaviors. We pursued this hypothesis by testing for these three properties of coordinative structures in an electrically-driven dissipative structure. Our system demonstrates dynamic reorganization in response to functional perturbation, a behavior of coordinative structures called reciprocal compensation. Reciprocal compensation is corroborated by a dynamical systems model of the underlying physics. This coordinated activity of the system appears to derive from the system’s intrinsic end-directed behavior to maximize the rate of entropy production. The paper includes three primary components: (1) empirical data on emergent coordinated phenomena in a physical system, (2) computational simulations of this physical system, and (3) theoretical evaluation of the empirical and simulated results in the context of physics and the life sciences. This study reveals similarities between an electrically-driven dissipative structure that exhibits end-directed behavior and the goal-oriented behaviors of more complex living systems.  相似文献   
2.
Controlling redox activity of judiciously appended redox units on a photo-sensitive molecular core is an effective strategy for visible light energy harvesting and storage. The first example of a photosensitizer - electron donor coordination compound in which the photoinduced electron transfer step is used for light to electrical energy conversion and storage is reported. A photo-responsive Ru-diimine module conjugated with redox-active catechol groups in [Ru(II)(phenanthroline-5,6-diolate)3]4− photosensitizer can mediate photoinduced catechol to dione oxidation in the presence of a sacrificial electron acceptor or at the surface of an electrode. Under potentiostatic condition, visible light triggered current density enhancement confirmed the light harvesting ability of this photosensitizer. Upon implementation in galvanostatic charge-discharge of a Li battery configuration, the storage capacity was found to be increased by 100 %, under 470 nm illumination with output power of 4.0 mW/cm−2. This proof-of-concept molecular system marks an important milestone towards a new generation of molecular photo-rechargeable materials.  相似文献   
3.
古代食谱重建是目前国际考古学研究的热点之一。随着研究的深入,传统基于骨骼提取出骨胶原蛋白进行分析的方法逐渐凸显出一定的局限性。尤其是在考察先民食物结构和营养等级等方面,针对蛋白大分子获得的同位素信息,无法排除一些内在或外在因素的影响,因而常会引导我们做出错误的判断。因此,发展一种能进一步提高古代食谱研究准确率和分辨率的新方法,是当前科技考古研究的迫切需求。不同于大分子蛋白,氨基酸能在更细微的层面提供有机体和生态环境中有机代谢过程中多方面的信息,在生物考古领域内具有极大的应用潜力。以北非突尼斯迦太基凡达里奇墓地出土的人和动物样品为例(遗址年代约在公元5世纪中期至6世纪早期),进行基于骨胶原和单分子氨基酸的稳定同位素分析工作。对10个人和4具动物考古样品提取骨胶原,并进一步进行酸水解、衍生化等操作,通过气相色谱(GC)与同位素质谱(IRMS)串联技术,开展特定化合物同位素分析。研究结果揭示了该遗址先民的食谱特征,以C3类食物为主。重点考察了该遗址先民饮食中的蛋白摄入情况,结果表明该遗址先民饮食摄入有大量的动物蛋白,且不同个体存在较大差异。最后,通过对骨胶原和氨基酸分析结果所得结论的比较,证实基于单分子氨基酸的氮同位素分析对个体营养级位置的准确判断具有较大的优势。研究结果为深入研究我国古代先民食物结构差异和人群分化等问题提供了新的思路和依据。研究证实基于单分子氨基酸的同位素分析,将是显著提高古代食谱重建分辨率的有力手段,呼吁未来在我国考古材料中开展大量相关研究。  相似文献   
4.
Archiv der Mathematik - Motivated by recent results on the minimal base of a permutation group, we introduce a new local invariant attached to arbitrary finite groups. More precisely, a subset...  相似文献   
5.
Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics - It is well known that linear rank-metric codes give rise to q-polymatroids. Analogously to matroid theory, one may ask whether a given q-polymatroid is...  相似文献   
6.
We consider percolation on the Voronoi tessellation generated by a homogeneous Poisson point process on the hyperbolic plane. We show that the critical probability for the existence of an infinite cluster tends to 1/2 as the intensity of the Poisson process tends to infinity. This confirms a conjecture of Benjamini and Schramm [5].  相似文献   
7.
IDPi Catalysis     
High acidity and structural confinement are pivotal elements in asymmetric acid catalysis. The recently introduced imidodiphosphorimidate (IDPi) Brønsted acids have met with remarkable success in combining those features, acting as powerful Brønsted acid catalysts and “silylium” Lewis acid precatalysts in numerous thus far inaccessible transformations. Substrates as challenging to activate as simple olefins were readily transformed, ketones were employed as acceptors in aldolizations allowing sub‐ppm level catalysis, whereas enolates of the smallest donor aldehyde, acetaldehyde, did not polymerize but selectively added a single time to a variety of acceptor aldehydes.  相似文献   
8.
The effect of donor (D)–acceptor (A) alignment on the materials electronic structure was probed for the first time using novel purely organic porous crystalline materials with covalently bound two- and three-dimensional acceptors. The first studies towards estimation of charge transfer rates as a function of acceptor stacking are in line with the experimentally observed drastic, eight-fold conductivity enhancement. The first evaluation of redox behavior of buckyball- or tetracyanoquinodimethane-integrated crystalline was conducted. In parallel with tailoring the D-A alignment responsible for “static” changes in materials properties, an external stimulus was applied for “dynamic” control of the electronic profiles. Overall, the presented D–A strategic design, with stimuli-controlled electronic behavior, redox activity, and modularity could be used as a blueprint for the development of electroactive and conductive multidimensional and multifunctional crystalline porous materials.  相似文献   
9.
10.
Reduction of CO2 to CO and H2O is a two electron/two proton process. For this process, multinuclear complexes offer advantages by concentrating reduction equivalents more efficiently than mononuclear systems. We present novel complexes with [Re(η6-C6H6)2]+ as scaffold conjugated to one or two catalytically active [Ru(dmbpy)(CO)2Cl2] subunits (dmbpy=5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). The [Re(η6-C6H6)2]+ scaffold was chosen due to its very high photo- and chemical stability, as well as the multiple degrees of freedom it offers for any conjugated functionalities. High efficiency and selectivity for the reduction of CO2 to CO (over H2 or HCOOH) is reported. TONs and TOFs were found to be comparable or higher than for the catalyst subunit without the rhenium framework. Cooperativity in photo- and electrocatalysis is observed for the complex comprising two catalytic subunits. The synergistic communication between the two catalytic subunits is responsible for the observed enhancement in both photo- and electrocatalytic performance. Confirmation of electronic communication between the two [Ru(dmbpy)(CO)2Cl2] subunits as well as the elucidation of a possible mechanism was supported by electrochemistry, IR-spectroelectrochemistry and DFT studies.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号