Effect of Ru crystal orientation on the adhesion characteristics of Cu for ultra-large scale integration interconnects

The adhesion of Cu on Ru substrates with different crystal orientations was evaluated. The crystal orientation of sputter deposited Ru could be changed from (1 0 0) to (0 0 1) by annealing at 650 °C for 20 min. The adhesion of Cu was evaluated by the degree of Cu agglomeration on Ru. Cu films on annealed Ru films with the (0 0 1) crystal orientation showed 28% lower RMS values and 50% lower Ru surface coverage than Cu as-deposited on Ru having the (1 0 0) crystal orientation after annealing at 550 °C for 30 min, which suggest that Cu wettability on the Ru(0 0 1) was better than that on the Ru(1 0 0) plane. The low lattice misfit of 4% between Cu(1 1 1) and Ru(0 0 1) may be the reason for this good adhesion property.     

Structures of Ganoderic Acid A and B,Two New Lanostane Type Bitter Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST.

The structures of two new bitter triterpenes, ganoderic acid A and B. isolated from a mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) Karst. (Polyporaceae) were determined as 1 and 2 on the basis of spectral data. Ganoderic acid A is a novel highly oxidized triterpene bearing a boat-shaped A-ring of lanostane.     

Palladium-catalyzed reaction of allyl carbamates; allylation of carbonucleophiles,and protection-deprotection of amines

Allylation of carbonucleophiles with allylic carbamates under neutral conditions has been studied. The C-allylation of carbonucleophile is competitive with the N-allylation of amines, and the structure of amines is crucial for the selectivity. Bulky secondary amines gave the best results. Also a new method of protection-deprotection of amines as carbamates has been developed. Smooth deprotection is possible by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of allyl carbamates with formic acid. This method is particulary useful for primary amines, including optically active amino acids.     

Electrophoretic analysis of quinone anion radicals in acetonitrile solutions using an on-line radical generator

We have investigated analysis of anion radicals of phenanthrenequinone (PhQ) and anthraquinone (AQ) using acetonitrile-capillary electrophoresis (CE) under anaerobic conditions. PhQ and AQ have relatively high negative reduction potentials meaning that their anion radicals are re-oxidized quite readily by the surrounding O(2) to disappear during analysis and we failed to detect them with our previous system. In this work, we have developed an on-line system combining a unique electrolysis cell for generation of the radicals and a CE unit to keep the analysis system free from external O(2) molecules and to reduce analysis time remarkably. As a result, electrophoretic detection of the anion radicals of PhQ and AQ has been achieved. Furthermore, we have observed hydrogen-bonding interaction between the anion radicals and dimethylurea (DMU) using the present system and have indicated a characteristic interaction of the anion radical of PhQ as an ortho-quinone with DMU.     

Determination of total nitrogen content, pH, density, refractive index, and brix in Thai fish sauces and their classification by near-infrared spectroscopy with searching combination moving window partial least squares

Near-infrared (NIR) transflectance spectra in the region of 1100-2500 nm were measured for 100 Thai fish sauces. Quantitative analyses of total nitrogen (TN) content, pH, refractive index, density and brix in the Thai fish sauces and their qualitative analyses were carried out by multivariate analyses with the aid of wavelength interval selection method named searching combination moving window partial least squares (SCMWPLS). The optimized informative region for TN selected by SCMWPLS was the region of 2264-2428 nm. A PLS calibration model, which used this region, yielded the lowest root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.100% w/v for the PLS factor of 5. This prediction result is significantly better than those obtained by using the whole spectral region or informative regions selected by moving window partial least squares regression (MWPLSR). As for pH, density, refractive index and brix, the 1698-1722, and 2222-2258 nm regions, the 1358-1438 nm region, the 1774-1846, and 2078-2114 nm regions, and the 1322-1442, and 2000-2076 nm regions were selected by SCMWPLS as the optimized regions. The best prediction results were always obtained by use of the optimized regions selected by SCMWPLS. The lowest RMSEP for pH, density, refractive index and brix were 0.170, 0.007 g cm(-3), 0.0079 and 0.435 degrees Brix, respectively. Qualitative models were developed by using four supervised pattern recognitions, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), factor analysis-linear discriminant analysis (FA-LDA), soft independent modeling of class analog (SIMCA), and K neareat neighbors (KNN) for the optimized combination of informative regions of the NIR spectra of fish sauces to classify fish sauces into three groups based on TN. All the developed models can potentially classify the fish sauces with the correct classification rate of more than 82%, and the KNN classified model has the highest correct classification rate (95%). The present study has demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy combined with SCMWPLS is powerful for both the quantitative and qualitative analyses of Thai fish sauces.     

exo- and enantioselective cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated from N-alkylidene glycine esters using chiral phosphine-copper complexes

High diastereo- and enantioselectivities were obtained for the asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated from N-alkylideneglycine esters with dipolarophiles using chiral phosphine-copper complexes as catalysts. Whereas the cycloaddition of azomethine ylides catalyzed by metal salts generally afforded endo-adducts as the predominant product, the present method is the first example of an exo-selective cycloaddition. [reaction: see text]     

Polydimethylsiloxane connection for quartz microchips in a high-pressure system.

An interconnecting technique, the "PDMS connection method", for quartz microchips in a high-pressure system is presented. The connection between quartz microchips is an essential technology for modular microfluidic devices, such as microchip-HPLC. PDMS was applied to the seal material, being spread on the seal side of the chips, and set into the metal housing. The characteristics of the PDMS connection method concerning pressure resistance and the extension of the peak were examined. The experimental results showed a good seal at 5 MPa, which seem to be sufficient for realizing microchip-HPLC utilizing a monolithic silica capillary column as a separation medium. The influence of the extra column effect on chromatographic separation was almost the same as in the case using a commercial union fitting. In addition, the PDMS connection enabled the detachability of chip-based modules with user-friendliness. Our experimental findings suggest that the novel PDMS connection method can possibly be applied as a generic technology in high-pressure microTAS.     

Bromination by means of sodium monobromoisocyanurate (SMBI)

A variety of aromatic compounds with both activating and deactivating substituents were brominated with sodium monobromoisocyanurate (SMBI) 1, diethyl ether, diethyl ether-methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or sulfuric acid were employed as solvents. Thus nitrobenzene was conveniently brominated in sulfuric acid, benzene was readily monobrominated in diethyl ether-methanesulfonic acid, and phenol was selectively brominated at the ortho position under mild conditions in refluxing diethyl ether. With substituents that are easily protonated, trifluoroacetic acid may be employed as solvent in the reaction with 1, in contrast NBS was ineffective in trifluoroacetic acid. This renders 1 a superior reagent relative to NBS. In addition to aromatics, alkenes, ketones and esters were also brominated with 1. Diethyl malonate was brominated with 1 and then subjected to a Bingel reaction with NaH to afford the desired methanofullerene in reasonable yield.