Optimization in a Nonlinear Lanchester-Type Model Involving Supply Units $$^* $$

Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics - In this paper, we introduce a nonlinear Lanchester-type model involving supply units. The model describes a battle where the Blue party consisting of...     

Catalytic pyrolysis of Pubescens to phenols over Ni/C catalyst

The pyrolysis of Pubescens over Ni/C catalyst was studied at 350 °C in H₂ flow. The presence of Ni/C catalyst efficiently improved the degradation of raw materials, and produced bio-oil with high content of phenols but low contents of acetic acid, furfural and water. In the reaction, Ni/C catalyst plays the role of catalytic decomposition and catalytic hydrogenation. The existence of the carbon carrier favors the formation of active Ni in small sizes with more defects, which results in high catalytic activity of Ni in biomass decomposition and selective production of phenols.     

On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography

On-line coupled liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (LC–GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC–GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC–GC technique and representative applications are noted.     

Sorbent- and liquid-phase microextraction techniques and membrane-assisted extraction in combination with gas chromatographic analysis: A review

Approaches are described for on-line and off-line sample pretreatment of liquid samples utilising liquid- and adsorbent- and sorbent-phase microextraction methodologies with GC analysis. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and membrane-assisted methods are critically evaluated and the applicability of each technique is demonstrated with examples.     

Determination of biogenic amines in wine by multidimensional liquid chromatography with online derivatisation

An online multidimensional liquid chromatographic system was developed for online clean-up, derivatisation and separation of biogenic amines in wines. The system consists of a cation-exchange precolumn, a derivatisation coil and an analytical column, and a column-switching valve. The entire system can be easily automated. The method proved to be quantitative and sensitive. Limits of detection were below 0.05 mg l(-1) for all amines and linearity was preserved over the tested range (0.05-15 mg l(-1)). The method was applied to the analysis of red wines of different origin.     

Pressurised hot water extraction-microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction coupled on-line with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of pesticides in grapes

Pressurised hot water extraction-microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction was coupled on-line with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PHWE-MMLLE-GC-MS) for the analysis of pesticides in grapes. MMLLE serves as a trapping step after PHWE. Water from PHWE is directed to the donor side of the membrane unit and the analytes are extracted to the acceptor solution on the other side. The role of MMLLE is to clean and concentrate the extract before on-line transfer to the GC via a sample loop and an on-column interface using partially concurrent solvent evaporation. The extraction conditions were investigated, and then the quantitative features such as linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), extraction yield and enrichment factors. LOQs in the range 0.3-1.8 microg kg(-1) were achieved. Procymidone and tetradifon were found in the skins of the grapes. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by liquid-solid and ultrasonic extractions.     

Hydrogen-bonded dimer of N,N′-(5-n-butyl-5-oxodibenzo[b,d]phosphole-3,7-diyl)bis(benzamide) dimethylformamide solvate

The structure of a large wing-span phosphine, in the oxide form, N,N-(5-n-butyl-5-oxodibenzo[b,d]phosphole-3,7-diyl)bis(benzamide), C₃₀H₂₇N₂O₃P, cocrystallized with dimethylformamide (DMF), C₃H₇NO, is reported. The title compound is crystallized in a triclinic system with cell dimensions of a = 10.295(8) b = 12.743(5) c = 13.239(6) Å, = 108.14(3), = 108.16(5), = 101.20(4)°, and V=1484.4(5) ų, and forms a hydrogen-bonded dimer via two hydrogen bond linkages of the P—O ··· H—N type involving one of the two amide groups.     

Critical evaluation of sample pretreatment techniques

Sample preparation before chromatographic separation is the most time-consuming and error-prone part of the analytical procedure. Therefore, selecting and optimizing an appropriate sample preparation scheme is a key factor in the final success of the analysis, and the judicious choice of an appropriate procedure greatly influences the reliability and accuracy of a given analysis. The main objective of this review is to critically evaluate the applicability, disadvantages, and advantages of various sample preparation techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on extraction techniques suitable for both liquid and solid samples. Figure Miniaturised extraction techniques allow sensitive analysis of also small sample volumes.