Chemical Profiles and Pharmacological Properties with in Silico Studies on Elatostema papillosum Wedd

The current study attempted, for the first time, to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the phytochemical components of Elatostema papillosum methanol extract and their biological activities. The present study represents an effort to correlate our previously reported biological activities with a computational study, including molecular docking, and ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity) analyses, to identify the phytochemicals that are potentially responsible for the antioxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant. In the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis, a total of 24 compounds were identified, seven of which were documented as being bioactive based on their binding affinities. These seven were subjected to molecular docking studies that were correlated with the pharmacological outcomes. Additionally, the ADME/T properties of these compounds were evaluated to determine their drug-like properties and toxicity levels. The seven selected, isolated compounds displayed favorable binding affinities to potassium channels, human serotonin receptor, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor proteins. Phytol acetate, and terpene compounds identified in E. papillosum displayed strong predictive binding affinities towards the human serotonin receptor. Furthermore, 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane showed a significant binding affinity for the KcsA potassium channel. Eicosanal showed the highest predicted binding affinity towards the human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor. All of these findings support the observed in vivo antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and the in vitro antioxidant effects observed for this extract. The identified compounds from E. papillosum showed the lowest binding affinities towards COX-1, COX-2, and NF-κB receptors, which indicated the inconsequential impacts of this extract against the activities of these three proteins. Overall, E. papillosum appears to be bioactive and could represent a potential source for the development of alternative medicines; however, further analytical experiments remain necessary.     

Superstring motivated gauge models based on a rank six subgroup ofE 6

We discuss gauge models based on a superstring motivated rank six subgroup ofE ₆. Lepton number is an accidental unbroken symmetry of the models which leads to an essentially stable proton. One of the neutral gauge bosons couples toB-L and may have mass below a TeV.     

The canalicular structure of compact bone in the rat at different ages.

Osteocytes communicate through a canalicular system that maintains the vitality and mineral metabolism of bone. Casting the vascular canals and canaliculi of compact bone with methacrylate and viewing them with scanning electron microscopy shows their extent and relationships. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of the same specimen before corrosion establishes the degree of calcification of the different tissue components. These methods were used to compare basal with alveolar compact bone in the rat mandible at different ages. Sections of the mandibular molar region were placed in a methacrylate resin. After polymerization and study with confocal microscopy, the organic matrix was removed. Juvenile rats had large irregular central vascular canals and lacunae that were more concentric in the basal than the alveolar bone. Cast lacunae were round, and the canaliculi from these lacunae were short and thick in both bones. Adult rats had regular concentrically arranged lacunae in the basal bone. Cast lacunae were ellipsoid and flatter in the basal bone than in the alveolar bone. The intercommunicating canaliculi were increased and canaliculi had more branching than the juvenile rats. The aged rats had fewer vascular canals, lacunae, and canaliculi and had osteoporotic changes. The cast lacunae were slender and flat especially in the basal bone. The porosity of the mandible became more pronounced in the alveolar than in the basal bone with aging. The canaliculi of mandibular compact bone thinned and developed extensive branching with adulthood but decreased in size and number with advanced age. Lacunae proceed from the large circular structures of youth to the flat forms of the aged. These studies show that the internal structure of compact bone changes with age and mirrors its functional state.     

Spectroscopic studies of biologically active organotin(IV) derivatives of 2-[N-(2,4,6-tribromophenylamido]propanoic acid

Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of compounds having the formulae R₂SnL₂ and R₃SnL, where R = Me, n-Bu, Ph and n-Oct and L = 2-[N-(2,4,6-tribromophenylamido]propanoic acid. All the complexes have been characterized by various spectroscopic methods (IR and ¹H, ¹³C, ¹¹⁹Sn NMR), elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and physical data. These compounds were also screened for their biological activity and found some encouraging results.     

Simultaneous Determination of Pioglitazone and Glimepiride by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A rapid and accurate HPLC method has been developed for simultaneous determination of pioglitazone and glimepiride. Chromatographic separation of the two pharmaceuticals was performed on a Cosmosil C₁₈ column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 m) with a 45:35:20 (v/v) mixture of 0.01 m triammonium citrate (pH adjusted to 6.95 with orthophosphoric acid), acetonitrile, and methanol as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min^–1, and detection at 228 nm. Separation was complete in less than 10 min. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantitation, and robustness [1, 2]. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to be acceptable over the ranges 2.50–30.00 g mL^–1 for pioglitazone and 0.10–10.00 g mL^–1 for glimepiride.     

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of n-Tributyltin Derivatives of Pharmaceutically Active Carboxylates

Summary.  Tributyltin(IV) derivatives of six different pharmaceutically active carboxylates were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by different analytical techniques (elemental analysis; infrared, NMR, and mass spectroscopy). ¹¹⁹Sn NMR data were also recorded in six different coordinating and non-coordinating solvents. The antibacterial activities of the compounds were tested using ten different bacteria relative to the reference drugs ampicillin and cephalexin. Received September 20, 2001. Accepted (revised) December 6, 2001     

Kinetics of anation of chromium(III) by L-phenylalanine

Summary The kinetics of anation of chromium(III) species, [Cr(H₂O)₆]⁴⁺ and [Cr(H₂O)₅OH]²⁺, by L-phenylalanine in aqueous acid has been studied spectrophotometrically. Effects of varying [substrate], [ligand], [H⁺], , % ethanol and temperature were investigated. The kinetic data suggest a mechanism where outersphere-associations [between chromium(III) species and phenylalanine in the zwitterionic form] precede anation. Comparison of the results with published data suggest an I_a path for the [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reaction and I_d path for the [Cr(H₂O)₅OH]²⁺ reaction.     

Semiquantitative determination of aromatic andα,β-unsaturated aldehydes by circular thin-layer chromatography

Summary A method for semiquantitative determination of aromatic and,-unsaturated aldehydes such as salicylaldehyde, anisaldehyde, vanillin, veratraldehyde, piperonal, cinnamaldehyde, furfural andp-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde by making circular spots of their isonicotinoyl hydrazones on chromatoplates with circular thin-layer Chromatographic apparatus and their comparison with sensitivity standards has been described. The accuracy is ± 5% and the method is rapid, simple and economical.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur semiquantitativen Bestimmung aromatischer und,-ungesättigter Aldehyde wie Salioylaldehyd, Anisaldehyd, Vanillin, Veratrumaldehyd, Piperonal, Zimtaldehyd, Furfural und p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd durch Dünnschicht-Ringchromatographie ihrer Isonikotinsäurehydrazone und Vergleich mit Standardchromatogrammen wurde beschrieben. Die Genauigkeit beträgt ±5%.

     

A new approach for the derivation of bounds for the Jensen difference

There are many useful applications of Jensen's inequality in several fields of science, and due to this reason, a lot of results are devoted to this inequality in the literature. The main theme of this article is to present a new method of finding estimates of the Jensen difference for differentiable functions. By applying definition of convex function, and integral Jensen's inequality for concave function in the identity pertaining the Jensen difference, we derive bounds for the Jensen difference. We present integral version of the bounds in Riemann sense as well. The sharpness of the proposed bounds through examples are discussed, and we conclude that the proposed bounds are better than some existing bounds even with weaker conditions. Also, we present some new variants of the Hermite–Hadamard and Hölder inequalities and some new inequalities for geometric, quasi-arithmetic, and power means. Finally, we give some applications in information theory.