Tetragonal low-temperature structure of LiAl

The cubic face-centered structure of LiAl (, at ) transforms into a tetragonal body-centered structure (I4₁/amd, , at ). This first-order phase transition at about during heating is probably the reason for the so-called “ anomalies” in some physical properties like specific heat, electrical resistivity and nuclear-spin lattice relaxation. This transition seems to be correlated with the composition Li:Al of the alloy and the amount of Li vacancies.     

Inhibition of UV-induced immune suppression and interleukin-10 production by plant oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Application of Aloe barbadensis poly/oligosaccharides to UV-irradiated skin prevents photosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice. We tested the hypothesis that these carbohydrates belong to a family of biologically active, plant-derived polysaccharides that can regulate responses to injury in animal tissues. C3H mice were exposed to 5 kJ/m2 UVB from unfiltered FS40 sunlamps and treated with between 1 pg and 10 micrograms tamarind xyloglucans or control polysaccharides methylcellulose or dextran in saline. The mice were sensitized 3 days later with Candida albicans. Tamarind xyloglucans and purified Aloe poly/oligosaccharides prevented suppression of DTH responses in vivo and reduced the amount of interleukin (IL)-10 observed in UV-irradiated murine epidermis. Tamarind xyloglucans were immunoprotective at low picogram doses. In contrast, the control polysaccharides methylcellulose and dextran had no effect on immune suppression or cutaneous IL-10 at any dose. Tamarind xyloglucans and Aloe poly/oligosaccharides also prevented suppression of immune responses to alloantigen in mice exposed to 30 kJ/m2 UVB radiation. To assess the effect of the carbohydrates on keratinocytes, murine Pam212 cells were exposed to 300 J/m2 UVB radiation and treated for 1 h with tamarind xyloglucans or Aloe poly/oligosaccharides. Treatment of keratinocytes with immunoprotective carbohydrates reduced IL-10 production by approximately 50% compared with the cells treated with UV radiation alone and completely blocked suppressive activity of the culture supernatants in vivo. The tamarind xyloglucans also blocked UV-activated phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK protein but had no effect on p38 phosphorylation. These results indicate that animals, like plants, may use carbohydrates to regulate responses to environmental stimuli.     

Energy and polarization dependence of chemi-ionization processes inK(42 P 3/2)−K(42 P 3/2) collisions

Using crossed molecular beams we have investigated ionizing collisions between potassium atoms in their 4² P _3/2-states, leading to the exit channelsK ₂ ⁺ +e ^?,K ⁺+K ^?, andK(4² S _1/2)+K ⁺+e ^?, respectively. Measurements of the total ionization cross section as well as of the cross sections for the individual channels are reported as a function of both the relative collision energy (0.2 to 2.4 eV) and the angle between the electric field vector of the exciting laser light and the relative velocity vector. The results are interpreted in terms of the molecular states of theK ₂ ^* quasi molecule which are involved in the ionization process.     

Redox‐Active Tetraruthenium Macrocycles Built from 1,4‐Divinylphenylene‐Bridged Diruthenium Complexes

Metallamacrocylic tetraruthenium complexes were generated by treatment of 1,4‐divinylphenylene‐bridged diruthenium complexes with functionalized 1,3‐benzene dicarboxylic acids and characterized by HR ESI‐MS and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Every divinylphenylene diruthenium subunit is oxidized in two consecutive one‐electron steps with half‐wave potential splittings in the range of 250 to 330 mV. Additional, smaller redox‐splittings between the +/2+ and 0/+ and the 3+/4+ and 2+/3+ redox processes, corresponding to the first and the second oxidations of every divinylphenylene diruthenium entity, are due to electrostatic effects. The lack of electronic coupling through bond or through space is explained by the nodal properties of the relevant molecular orbitals and the lateral side‐by‐side arrangement of the divinylphenylene linkers. The polyelectrochromic behavior of the divinylphenylene diruthenium precursors is retained and even amplified in these metallamacrocyclic structures. EPR studies down to T=4 K indicate that the dications 1‐H²⁺ and 1‐OBu²⁺ are paramagnetic. The dications and the tetracation of macrocycle 3‐H display intense (dications) or weak ( 3‐H⁴⁺ ) EPR signals. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the four most stable conformers of the macrocycles are largely devoid of strain. Bond parameters, energies as well as charge and spin density distributions of model macrocycle 5‐H^Me were calculated for the different charge and spin states.     

On the (semi)lattices induced by continuous reducibilities

Continuous reducibilities are a proven tool in Computable Analysis, and have applications in other fields such as Constructive Mathematics or Reverse Mathematics. We study the order‐theoretic properties of several variants of the two most important definitions, and especially introduce suprema for them. The suprema are shown to commutate with several characteristic numbers (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Surface excitation parameter for 12 semiconductors and determination of a general predictive formula

The surface excitation parameter (SEP) is theoretically calculated for 12 semiconductors (GaN, GaP, GaSb, GaAs, InSb, InAs, InP, SiC, ZnSe, ZnS, Si and Ge) and for Ni (which is usually used as a reference in experiments) for electron energies between 300 eV and 3400 eV, and for angles between 0° and 70° to the surface normal. We use our previous definition of SEP, as the change in excitation probability, for an electron, caused by the presence of the surface in comparison with an electron moving the same distance in an infinite medium. The calculations are performed within the dielectric response theory by means of the QUEELS‐ε(k, ω)‐REELS software determining the energy‐differential inelastic electron scattering cross‐sections for reflection‐electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy (REELS), and for which the only input is the dielectric function of the medium. By fitting to these SEP values as well as our previous ones, i.e. from 27 materials, including metals, oxides, polymers and semiconductors, we also establish a simple equation depending on the generalized plasmon energy and the energy band gap of the material which allows to estimate the SEP when the dielectric function is not available. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Untersuchungen über die Erzeugung und den Nachweis von Alkaliatomstrahlen im Energiebereich zwischen 6 und 4000 eV

An alkali metal atomic beam source for the 6–4000 eV energy range is described. The fast atomic beam is obtained by the neutralization of an alkali ion beam and is detected by surface ionization on an unheated filament. The processes involved in collisions of fast alkali atoms with a tungsten surface are investigated and the behaviour of the atoms is compared with the behaviour of the corresponding ions.