Proton ionizable crown compounds. 18. Comparison of alkali metal transport in a H2O-CH2Cl2-H2O liquid membrane system by four proton-ionizable macrocycles containing the dialkylhydrogenphosphate moiety

The macrocycle-mediated fluxes of alkali, alkaline earth, and several transition metal cations have been determined and compared in a H₂O-CH₂Cl₂-H₂O liquid membrane system using four water-insoluble macrocycles containing a dialkylhydrogenphosphate moiety. Transport of alkali metal cations by these ligands was greatest from a source phase pH = 12 or above into an acid receiving phase (pH = 1.5). Very low fluxes were observed for the transport of the alkaline earth cations and all transition metal ions studied except Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ which were transported reasonably well by these new macrocycles.Deceased: September 5, 1987.     

Spin-orbit ab initio investigation of the ultraviolet photolysis of diiodomethane.

The UV photodissociation (<5 eV) of diiodomethane (CH(2)I(2)) is investigated by spin-orbit ab initio calculations. The experimentally observed photodissociation channels in the gas and condensed phases are clearly assigned by multi-state second-order multiconfigurational perturbation theory in conjunction with spin-orbit interaction through complete active space-state interaction potential energy curves. The calculated results indicate that the fast dissociations of the first two singlet states of CH(2)I(2) and CH(2)I--I lead to geminate-radical products, CH(2)I (.)+I((2)P(3/2)) or CH(2)I (.)+ I*((2)P(1/2)). The recombination process from CH(2)I--I to CH(2)I(2) is explained by an isomerization process and a secondary photodissociation reaction of CH(2)I--I. Finally, the study reveals that spin-orbits effects are significant in the quantitative analysis of the electronic spectrum of the CH(2)I--I species.     

Synthesis of two new crown ethers containing selenium and the complexation of one of them with silver and lead

Two new macrocyclic crown ethers containing one or two selenium donor atoms have been prepared. Diselena-18-crown-6 (2) was found to transport silver ions through a methylene chloride bulk membrane at about the same rate as the analogous dithia- (3) and diaza-18-crown-6 (4) compounds and transported lead ions about the same as dithia-18-crown-6 but better than diaza-18-crown-6.     

Proton-ionizable crown compounds. 11. Synthesis of macrocyclic ligands containing two sulfonamide groups and chloro substituents or pyridine subcyclic units and a preliminary study of cation transport by three of these ligands

Five new macrocyclic ligands each containing two sulfonamide groups have been prepared. Three of these compounds contain one or two chloro substituents and the other two have one or two pyridine subcyclic units. A seventeen-membered ring ligand (4) was found to be an excellent transport agent for all alkali metal cations in a water-methylene chloride-water bulk liquid membrane system when the pH of the source phase was 13 or higher. The chlorine-substituted analog (5) was a poor transport agent for the alkali metal cations possibly because the chlorine atom blocked entry to the macrocycle cavity. An open-chain analog containing two sulfonamide groups was particularly effective in transporting cesium ions.     

Spin-orbit ab initio study of alkyl halide dissociation via electronic curve crossing

An ab initio study of the role of electronic curve crossing in the photodissociation dynamics of the alkyl halides is presented. Recent experimental studies show that curve crossing plays a deterministic role in deciding the channel of dissociation. Coupled repulsive potential energy curves of the low-lying n-sigma(*) states are studied including spin-orbit and relativistic effects. Basis set including effect of core correlation is used. Ab initio vertical excitation spectra of CH(3)I and CF(3)I are in agreement with the experimental observation. The curve crossing region is around 2.371 A for CH(3)I and CF(3)I. The potential curves of the repulsive excited states have larger slope for CF(3)I, suggesting a higher velocity and decreased intersystem crossing probability on fluorination. We also report the potential curves and the region of curve crossing for CH(3)Br and CH(3)Cl.     

Proton-ionizable crown compounds. 12. Proton-Coupled selective membrane transport of Li+ using a proton-ionizable pyridono macrocycle

The macrocycle-mediated fluxes of several alkali metal cations have been determined in a H₂O-CH₂Cl₂-H₂O liquid membrane system. Water-insoluble proton-ionizable macrocycles of the pyridono type were used. The proton-ionizable feature allows the coupling of cation transport to reverse H⁺ transport. This feature offers promise for the effective separation and/or concentration of alkali metal ions with the metal transport being driven by a pH gradient. A counter anion in the source phase is not co-transported. The desired separation of a particular metal ion involves its selective complexation with the macrocycle, subsequent extraction from the aqueous phase to the organic phase, and exchange for H⁺ at the organic phase-receiving phase interface. Factors affecting transport which were studied include ring size, source phase pH, and receiving phase pH. Lithium was transported at a rate higher than that of the other alkali metals in both single and competitive systems using a 15-crown-5 pyridono carrier.     

Proton-ionizable crown compounds. 17. Transport studies of alkali metal ions in a H2O-CH2Cl2-H2O liquid membrane system by macrocycles containing two sulfonamide groups derived fromo- andm-phenylene diamine

The transport of alkali metal cations by several macrocycles possessing two sulfonamide groups as a part of an 18-, 20-, or 21-membered macroring has been studied. Some of these compounds were found to be more effective transport agents than the proton-ionizable pyridone- and triazole-containing crown ethers reported previously. The factors affecting transport, such as ring size, source and receiving phase pH, and the nature of the groups attached to the sulfonamide nitrogen atoms were examined. Also, extraction experiments by some of the ligands were performed. The behavior of sulfonamide type crowns in single and competitive transport of the alkali metal cations is explained. The mechanism of transport appears to be complex. Transport of one or two cations per molecule of the disulfonamide carriers occurs. Complexation of these cations appears to occur both within and outside the macrocycle cavity. Our results also suggest that kinetic factors may play a significant role in transport rates and selectivities.Deceased: September 5, 1987.     

X-Ray Structure and Proton NMR Study of a Hexacoordinated Lithium Complex

The structure of the lithium complex with1,3,5-tris[oxymethylene(N,N-dicyclohexyl)carboxyamido]cyclohexanehas been determined by the X-ray method.The compound is triclinic, space group P¯1,a = 15.623(3), b = 19.279(4),c = 19.295(4)Å = 102.32(3), = 92.45(3), = 105.67(3)0, V = 5436(2)Å3, Z = 4. Itscomposition is represented by the formulaC48H82N3O6LiI 0.5H2O. The lithium cationis encapsulated in a polar pseudo-cavity of six oxygen atoms of the ligandmolecule and displays a distorted trigonal prism coordination. The conformationof the ligand in the solid state complex has been compared with the conformationof the complex in solution determined by 1H-NMR measurements.Supplementary data relevant to this publication have been deposited with the British Library, No. SUP 82224 (21 pages).     

Comment on “Density functional theory study of 1,2‐dioxetanone decomposition in condensed phase”

In the preceding paper results are presented, which are in serious conflict with state‐of‐the‐art ab initio method. Based on these new results the authors propose a new explanation of the reason for the preferential production of a phosphorescent state. Here we show that these controversial results are flawed, since the model use exclude biradical electron structures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

High‐efficiency polymer solar cells based on phenylenevinylene copolymer with BF2‐azopyrrole complex and CN‐PC70BM with solvent additive

Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of phenylenevinylene‐based copolymer with BF₂ azopyrrole complex (PB)/modified PC₇₀BM, that is, CN‐PC₇₀BM bulk heterojunction solar cells improves from 2.16 to 4.90% using a processing additive and drying condition. The results demonstrate that a processing additive and drying condition provides an effective means to control both the surface roughness and finer interpenetrating networks to enhance the exciton dissociation into free charge carriers, charge transportation, and collection. Taking into the account of simple device fabrication process without thermal annealing, the PCE of the polymer solar cell can further improved by chloronapthalene (CN) additive under the fast drying condition. The average carrier lifetimes extracted from the impedance spectra and found to correlate with measured PCEs. At short circuit conditions and illumination, the average charge carrier lifetime was found vary from 16.8 to 32 μs with power conversion efficiencies ranging from 3.0 to 4.9%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012