Recent Progress in the Electrolytes of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have garnered tremendous attention in the field of next energy storage devices due to their high safety, low cost, abundant resources, and eco-friendliness. As an important component of the zinc-ion battery, the electrolyte plays a vital role in the electrochemical properties, since it will provide a pathway for the migrations of the zinc ions between the cathode and anode, and determine the ionic conductivity, electrochemically stable potential window, and reaction mechanism. In this Minireview, a brief introduction of electrochemical principles of the aqueous ZIBs is discussed and the recent advances of various aqueous electrolytes for ZIBs, including liquid, gel, and multifunctional hydrogel electrolytes are also summarized. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and future directions of electrolytes in aqueous ZIBs are also discussed, which could provide clues for the following development.     

Self-Assembly of Alkylammonium Chains on Montmorillonite: Effect of Interlayer Cations,CEC, and Chain Length

Recently, polymeric materials have been filled with synthetic or natural inorganic compounds in order to improve their properties. Especially, polymer clay nanocomposites have attracted both academic and industrial attention. Currently, the structure and physical phenomena of organoclays at molecular level are difficultly explained by existing experimental techniques. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was executed using the CLAYFF and CHARMM force fields to evaluate the structural properties of organoclay such as basal spacing, interlayer density, energy and the arrangement of alkyl chains in the interlayer spacing. Our results are in good agreement with available experimental or other simulation data. The effects of interlayer cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺), the cation exchange capacity, and the alkyl chain length on the basal spacing and the structural properties are estimated. These simulations are expected to presage the microstructure of organo-montmorillonite and lead relevant engineering applications.     

Barrier Lyapunov functions-based fixed-time stabilization of nonholonomic systems with unmatched uncertainties and time-varying output constraints

The fixed-time stabilization problem is addressed in this paper for a kind of nonholonomic systems in chained form with unmatched uncertainties and time-varying output constraints. A novel tan-type barrier Lyapunov function is introduced to deal with time-varying output constraints. Under the unified framework of the considered system with and without output constraints, a state feedback controller is designed with the aid of adding a power integrator technique and switching control strategy. It is shown that the suggested controller ensures the states of closed-loop system to zero in a given fixed time without disobeying the constraints. Finally, simulation results are given to confirm the efficacy of the presented control scheme.

     

Study of a peak in cavitation activity from HIFU exposures using TA fluorescence

Methods of measuring the sound field and focal region of a 1.05 MHz high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) are described in this paper. 1.05 MHz pulsed HIFU with intensity 2400 W/cm(2) with a 1:1 duty cycle ("on" phase equaled "off" phase) was used to irradiate terephthalic acid (TA). Pulse periods of 0.5 ms, 1 ms, 3.3 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, 33 ms, 0.1s and 1s were used. The irradiation time was 2 min. To indicate the intensity of inertial cavitation activity, the fluorescence intensity of hydroxyterephthalic acid (HTA) was measured. The result shows that the cavitation activity of pulsed HIFU peaks at a pulse period of 10 ms, cavitation activity is significantly greater for pulse periods from 2 to 20 ms than for others.     

柱体形状对气液两相涡街的影响

本文试验研究了柱体形状对气液两相涡街的影响，得出了在气液两相流中的最佳涡街发生体和发生两相涡街时，两相斯托拉赫数，来流截面含气率，水流量三者之间的关系。试验工质为水和空气，混合物流动方向垂直向上。参数范围：相对压强０．０－０．２ＭＰａ；来流截面含气率０．０－０．３５；水流量０．０－２６ｍ３／ｈ。     

Thermal‐Gated Polymer Electrolytes for Smart Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Smart self‐protection is essential for addressing safety issues of energy‐storage devices. However, conventional strategies based on sol‐gel transition electrolytes often suffer from unstable self‐recovery performance. Herein, smart separators based on thermal‐gated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel electrolytes were developed for rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs). Such PNIPAM‐based separators not only display a pore structure evolution from opened to closed states, but also exhibit a surface wettability transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic behaviors when the temperature rises. This behavior can suppress the migration of electrolyte ions across the separators, realizing the self‐protection of ZIBs at high temperatures. Furthermore, the thermal‐gated behavior is highly reversible, even after multiple heating/cooling cycles, because of the reversibility of temperature‐dependent structural evolution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic transition. This work will pave the way for designing thermal‐responsive energy‐storage devices with safe and controlled energy delivery.     

基于Developer/2000的软件开发管理系统的分析与设计

在分析了Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｒ／２０００源程序的基础上，给出基于其上的软件开发管理据结构、分析算法和功能实现途径，可以大大减少整理文档的工作量，提高软件的开发质量。     

Preparation of Disperse Silver Particles by Chemical Reduction

Mastery over the microscopic shape and size of a nanoparticle enables accurate control of its properties for some strict application. The mechanism of shape-controlled synthesis was discussed by investigating the formation of silver nanospheres prepared by chemical reduction method using Ag(NH₃)₂⁺ as metal source, ascorbic acid as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (K-30) as dispersant. The effects of temperature, PVP/AgNO₃ mass ratio, pH value and the interaction between PVP and silver on the shape and particle size were studied by XRD and SEM. The results show that the morphology of silver particles could transform from branched to spherical and the particle size gradually decrease with the increase of PVP/AgNO₃ mass ratio. The particles size can also be significantly influenced by pH value and temperature. The key point for preparing high dispersity spherical silver powder is that the growth rate of each plane of the particle must be uniform and synchronous. Silver powders with spherical particles with mean size of 0.2 μm were synthesized under the optimum conditions (PVP/AgNO₃ mass ratio 0.6, pH 7, reaction temperature of 40°C).     

气液两相流中旋涡诱发圆柱振动时的脉动升力研究

一定条件下 ,垂直上升矩形截面管内的气液两相流横向冲刷水平布置的圆柱时 ,圆柱在与来流垂直的水平方向上受到了脉动升力的作用。本文在 1.6× 10 4到 6 .0×10 4的 Re数范围和 0到 0 .32的来流含气率范围内 ,进行了实验研究。实验中 ,流体工质为由空气和水混合而成的泡状流 ,采用弹性梁 -电阻应变式小力值传感器来测量圆柱受到的脉动升力 ,利用计算机对传感器的输出信号进行连续采集 ,采集频率为5 0 0 Hz。对由实验得到的脉动升力数据进行自功率谱分析 ,得出在两相流中只有在小于 0 .10～ 0 .12的来流含气率范围内 ,圆柱后部才会形成涡街 ,且此时的 Strouhal数随来流含气率的增大而增大 ;由脉动升力数据的均匀方根值算出脉动升力系数 C′L发现小 Re数时 C′L 随来流含气率的增大而增大 ,而在大 Re时 C′L 随来流含气率的增大先稍下降后再增大。     

乙醇分子间脱水制乙醚

醇能发生脱水反应,这是由于醇分子内有羟基决定的。乙醇的脱水其一是分子内脱水,其二是分子间脱水;分子内的脱水发生消除反应生成乙烯,分子间的脱水发生取代反应,即一个醇分子的羟基被另一个醇分子的烷氧基所取代生成乙醚。