Transient photocurrents in UV-irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene coronoelectrets

It is experimentally found that UV irradiation of 10-m polytetrafluoroethylene films electrified in a negative corona discharge produces a transient current which is unipolar and whose peak value decreases in successive exposures. A model is considered on the basis of spatial impurity-center photoionization and the resultant positive-carrier motion, excluding recapture and recombination, in the strong internal field generated by trapped negative charges. Correlation of the experimental and calculated photocurrent kinetics yield values for the hole mobility (8.9×10^–15 m²·V^–1·sec^–1) and impurity-center concentration (1.5×10¹⁸ m^–3).Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 26–29, June, 1990.     

H, C, N NMR, ESI mass spectral and single crystal X-ray structural characterization of three spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3′-oxindoles]

Three spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3′-oxindoles], 1,1′,2,2′,5′,6′,7′,7′a-octahydro-2-oxo-1′-phenyl-spiro[3H-indole-3,3′-[3H]-pyrrolizine]-2′-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1), 1,1′,2,2′,5′,6′,7′,7′a-octahydro-2-oxo-1′-nitro-2′-phenyl-spiro[3H-indole-3, 3′-[3H]-pyrrolizine] (2) and 1,1′,2,2′,5′,6′,7′,7′a-octahydro-2-oxo-1′-nitro-2′-(4″-chlorophenyl)-spiro[3H-indole-3,3′-[3H]-pyrrolizine] (3) have been synthesized and their ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N spectra assigned. The chemical shift assignments are based on Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) Double Quantum Filter (DQF) ¹H, ¹H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), PFG ¹H, ¹³C Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (HMQC) and PFG ¹H,X (X = ¹³C and ¹⁵N) Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC) experiments. The single crystal X-ray structures of 1–3 have been determined. Compounds 1 and 2 crystallized in monoclinic space group C2/c and compound 3 in monoclinic space group P2₁/c, respectively. Also the ESI-TOF MS data of 1–3 are given.     

Naturally Occurring Alkaline Amino Acids Function as Efficient Catalysts on Knoevenagel Condensation at Physiological pH: A Mechanistic Elucidation

To maintain biological functions, thousands of different reactions take place in human body at physiological pH (7.0) and mild conditions, which is associated with health and disease. Therefore, to examine the catalytic function of the intrinsically occurring molecules, such as amino acids at neutral pH, is of fundamental interests. Natural basic α-amino acid of l-lysine, l-arginine, and l-histidine neutralized to physiological pH as salts were investigated for their ability to catalyze Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate. Compared with their free base forms, although neutralized alkaline amino acid salts reduced the catalytic activity markedly, they were still capable to perform an efficient catalysis at physiological pH as porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), one of the best enzymes that catalyze Knoevenagel condensation. In agreement with the fact that the three basic amino acids were well neutralized, stronger basic amino acid Arg and Lys showed more obvious variation in NH bend peak from the FTIR spectroscopy study. Study of ethanol/water system and quantitative kinetic analysis suggested that the microenvironment in the vicinity of amino acid salts and protonability/deprotonability of the amine moiety may determine their catalytic activity and mechanism. The kinetic study of best approximation suggested that the random binding might be the most probable catalytic mechanism for the neutralized alkaline amino acid salt-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation.     

Combined Processes of Polymerization and Drying of Prepolymer Grains in Double-Section Apparatus with Fluidized Bed

The possibility of combining polymerization and drying in obtaining polymers from derivatives of methacrylic acid was revealed experimentally. A mathematical model of combined polymerization and solvent removal under conditions of a fluidized bed of the material was developed.     

Time-dependent and outflow boundary conditions for Dissipative Particle Dynamics

We propose a simple method to impose both no-slip boundary conditions at fluid-wall interfaces and at outflow boundaries in fully developed regions for Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) fluid systems. The procedure to enforce the no-slip condition is based on a velocity-dependent shear force, which is a generalized force to represent the presence of the solid-wall particles and to maintain locally thermodynamic consistency. We show that this method can be implemented in both steady and time-dependent fluid systems and compare the DPD results with the continuum limit (Navier-Stokes) results. We also develop a force-adaptive method to impose the outflow boundary conditions for fully developed flow with unspecified outflow velocity profile or pressure value. We study flows over the backward-facing step and in idealized arterial bifurcations using a combination of the two new boundary methods with different flow rates. Finally, we explore the applicability of the outflow method in time-dependent flow systems. The outflow boundary method works well for systems with Womersley number of O(1), i.e., when the pressure and flowrate at the outflow are approximately in-phase.     

Morphology of a silver/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite

Silver/polyacrylonitrile (Ag/PAN) nanocomposites are synthesized at the stage of simultaneous acrylonitrile polymerization and the reduction of silver ions from a mixture of silver nitrate AgNO₃, acrylonitrile, and a photoinitiator. The synthesized films are transparent in the visible region and are characterized by a uniform dispersion of silver nanoparticles in a PAN matrix without any macroscopic agglomeration. The effects of the metal salt and photoinitiator concentrations on the size and density of metal nanoparticles in a composite are revealed.     

A lattice Boltzmann fictitious domain method for modeling red blood cell deformation and multiple‐cell hydrodynamic interactions in flow

To model red blood cell (RBC) deformation and multiple‐cell interactions in flow, the recently developed technique derived from the lattice Boltzmann method and the distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method is extended to employ the mesoscopic network model for simulations of RBCs in flow. The flow is simulated by the lattice Boltzmann method with an external force, while the network model is used for modeling RBC deformation. The fluid–RBC interactions are enforced by the Lagrange multiplier. To validate parameters of the RBC network model, stretching tests on both coarse and fine meshes are performed and compared with the corresponding experimental data. Furthermore, RBC deformation in pipe and shear flows is simulated, revealing the capacity of the current method for modeling RBC deformation in various flows. Moreover, hydrodynamic interactions between two RBCs are studied in pipe flow. Numerical results illustrate that the leading cell always has a larger flow velocity and deformation, while the following cells move slower and deform less.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radiation of electrons in a synchrotron with rectilinear gaps

The spectral, angular, and polarization properties of the synchrotron radiation of electrons moving in a synchrotron or storage ring are investigated in this paper with allowance for the rectilinear gaps of these facilities. It is shown that a frequency-dependent asymmetry with respect to the azimuthal angle of observation must be observed in this case in the spectral and angular distribution of the radiation energy.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 67–72, December, 1986.     

Kinetics of butanol-2 oxidation on titanium silicalite

Kinetics of butanol-2 oxidation by hydrogen peroxide on titanium silicalite was studied. The experimental data obtained were used to calculate parameters of the kinetic model suggested.