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Characterization of autocatalytic decomposition reactions is important for the safe handling and storage of energetic materials. Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been widely used to detect autocatalytic decomposition of energetic materials. However, isothermal DSC tests are time consuming and the choice of experimental temperature is crucial. This paper shows that an automatic pressure tracking calorimeter (APTAC) can be a reliable and efficient screening tool for the identification of autocatalytic decomposition behavior of energetic materials. Hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) is an important member of the hydroxylamine family. High concentrations of HAN are used as liquid propellants, and low concentrations of HAN are used primarily in the nuclear industry for decontamination of equipment. Because of its instability and autocatalytic decomposition behavior, HAN has been involved in several incidents.  相似文献   
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Several magnetic and optical processes contribute to the magneto-optical response of nickel thin films after excitation by a femtosecond laser pulse. We achieved a first complete identification by explicitly measuring the time-resolved Kerr ellipticity and rotation, as well as its temperature and magnetic field dependence in epitaxially grown (111) and (001) oriented Cu/Ni/Cu wedges. The first hundreds of femtoseconds the response is dominated by state filling effects. The true demagnetization takes approximately 0.5-1 ps. At the longer (sub-ns) time scales the spins are found to precess in their anisotropy field. Simple and transparent models are introduced to substantiate our interpretation.  相似文献   
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Dialkyl heteroaroylphosphonates based on thiophene, pyrrole or furan have been prepared and their reactions with trimethyl phosphite investigated. Deoxygenation of the carbonyl groups in these heteroaroylphosphonates occurs to give carbene intermediates, which then undergo further reaction. In the case of the furan-3-oylphosphonates and those systems containing a thiophene or pyrrole ring, the major reaction pathway involves intermolecular trapping of the carbene intermediates by the trimethyl phosphite, leading to the formation of ylidic phosphonates that can be readily converted into the corresponding 1,1-bisphosphonates. However, in some furan-2-oylphosphonates the carbenes generated undergo ring-opening to initially give acyclic alkynylphosphonates which may react further to give other novel phosphorus compounds. The effects of substituents on the extent to which intermolecular trapping of the initially formed carbene competes with intramolecular rearrangement has been investigated. The latter process appears to be suppressed by a substituent at the 5-position of the furan ring, the resulting ylidic phosphonates being a rare example of an efficient intermolecular trapping of a furan-2-yl carbene.  相似文献   
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