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This article presents a new class of distances between arbitrary nonnegative Radon measures inspired by optimal transport. These distances are defined by two equivalent alternative formulations: (i) a dynamic formulation defining the distance as a geodesic distance over the space of measures (ii) a static “Kantorovich” formulation where the distance is the minimum of an optimization problem over pairs of couplings describing the transfer (transport, creation and destruction) of mass between two measures. Both formulations are convex optimization problems, and the ability to switch from one to the other depending on the targeted application is a crucial property of our models. Of particular interest is the Wasserstein–Fisher–Rao metric recently introduced independently by [7], [15]. Defined initially through a dynamic formulation, it belongs to this class of metrics and hence automatically benefits from a static Kantorovich formulation.  相似文献   
3.
For optimization and control of pharmaceutically and industrially important reactions, chemical information is required in real time. Instrument size, handling, and operation costs are important criteria to be considered when choosing a suitable analytical method apart from sensitivity and resolution. This present study explores the use of a robust and compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer to monitor the stereo-selective formation of α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated esters from α-fluoro-β-keto esters via deprotonation and deacylation in real time. These compounds are precursors of various pharmaceutically active substances. The real-time study revealed the deprotonation and deacylation steps of the reaction. The reaction was studied at temperatures ranging from 293 to 333 K by interleaved one-dimensional 1H and 19F and two-dimensional 1H–1H COSY experiments. The kinetic rate constants were evaluated using a pseudo first-order kinetic model. The activation energies for the deprotonation and deacylation steps were determined to 28 ± 2 and 63.5 ± 8 kJ/mol, respectively. This showed that the deprotonation step is fast compared with the deacylation step and that the deacylation step determines the rate of the overall reaction. The reaction was repeated three times at 293 K to monitor the repeatability and stability of the system. The compact NMR spectrometer provided detailed information on the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction, which is essential for optimizing the synthetic routes for stepwise syntheses of pharmaceutically active substances.  相似文献   
4.
The macrocyclic core of the cytotoxic marine natural product callyspongiolide ( 1 ) was forged by ring-closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) of an ynoate precursor using a molybdenum alkylidyne complex endowed with triarylsilanolate ligands as the catalyst. This result is remarkable in view of the failed attempts documented in the literature at converting electron deficient alkynes with the aid of more classical catalysts. The subsequent Z-selective semi-reduction of the resulting cycloalkyne by hydrogenation over nickel boride required careful optimization in order to minimize overreduction and competing dehalogenation of the compound's alkenyl iodide terminus as needed for final attachment of the side chain of 1 by Sonogashira coupling. The required cyclization precursor itself was prepared via Kocienski olefination.  相似文献   
5.
Transport in Porous Media - To improve the understanding of gas transport processes in tight rocks (e.g., shales), systematic flow tests with different gases were conducted on artificial micro- to...  相似文献   
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A cheap synthesis of the so‐called ‘decalin‐1,8‐diones’ started with the conjugate (1,4‐) addition of cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one derivatives to the γ‐position of the dilithium derivative (buta‐1,3‐diene‐1,1‐bis(olate)) of crotonic acid. Hydrogenation of these ‘1,4‐γ’ adducts and final cyclization afforded the enol tautomers of decalin‐1,8‐diones. Nucleophilic substitutions at these 3‐oxoenols by NH3 or primary amines created only monoamino products (namely, 3‐oxoenamines) whose reactions with OPCl3 yielded dihydro(1,3,2)oxazaphosphinin‐2‐one derivatives. The two regioisomers of a trimethyl‐3‐oxoenamine served as models for the constitutional assignments of the two rapidly interconverting (hence, individually NMR‐invisible), tautomeric trimethyl‐3‐oxoenols. Such methyl substitutions served to break the ‘pretended’ symmetry of ‘decalin‐1,8‐dione’. Hydrazine and 3‐oxoenols furnished oxygen‐free indazole derivatives whose N?H bonds exchanged with t1/2=ca. 0.00035 s at ca. ?58(9) °C.  相似文献   
7.
A rare case of a parallel kinetic resolution of racemic 1,3‐disubstituted allenes by means of a rhodium‐catalyzed addition to 1,3‐diketones furnishing enantiopure allylic 1,3‐diketones is described. Mechanistic experiments demonstrate that the different allene enantiomers react in parallel to either the diastereomeric E‐ or Z‐allylic 1,3‐diketones with the same absolute configuration of the newly formed stereogenic center. A broad substrate scope demonstrates the synthetic utility of this new method.  相似文献   
8.
New salts based on imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, guanidinium, and ammonium cations together with the 5‐cyanotetrazolide anion [C2N5]? are reported. Depending on the nature of cation–anion interactions, characterized by XRD, the ionic liquids (ILs) have a low viscosity and are liquid at room temperature or have higher melting temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis, cyclic voltammetry, viscosimetry, and impedance spectroscopy display a thermal stability up to 230 °C, an electrochemical window of 4.5 V, a viscosity of 25 mPa s at 20 °C, and an ionic conductivity of 5.4 mS cm?1 at 20 °C for the IL 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium 5‐cyanotetrazolide [BMPyr][C2N5]. On the basis of these results, the synthesized compounds are promising electrolytes for lithium‐ion batteries.  相似文献   
9.
X‐ray detectors that combine two‐dimensional spatial resolution with a high time resolution are needed in numerous applications of synchrotron radiation. Most detectors with this combination of capabilities are based on semiconductor technology and are therefore limited in size. Furthermore, the time resolution is often realised through rapid time‐gating of the acquisition, followed by a slower readout. Here, a detector technology is realised based on relatively inexpensive microchannel plates that uses GHz waveform sampling for a millimeter‐scale spatial resolution and better than 100 ps time resolution. The technology is capable of continuous streaming of time‐ and location‐tagged events at rates greater than 107 events per cm2. Time‐gating can be used for improved dynamic range.  相似文献   
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