Comparative holographic interferometry addresses a key problem of nondestructive evaluation: comparison of the resistance
to strength in real time of two nominally identical specimens. After outlining the basis of comparative holography in flaw
detection, the present paper reports on some new and complementary developments in comparative holographic interferometry.
The proposed systems stand out by their ability to store the master displacement field in the interferometric setup. The integration
of the storage capacity in the instrument considerably augments its potential in nondestructive routine inspection tasks.
The visual display of the fringes contouring the difference in mechanical response is shown to improve considerably with the
addition of auxiliary phase difference satisfying certain conditions. Methods for the generation of corresponding fringes
are considered and their localization investigated in brief. Particular attention is devoted to the formation of the holographic
moiré fringes. The influence of system misalignment on the moiré fringe interpretation is examined. A potential application
of comparative holography to the quantitative evaluation of fatigue is described. Experimental evidence supporting the operational
feasibility of the technique along with the results obtained in application to flaw detection are finally presented. 相似文献
Normal modes and their dispersion are obtained for syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) in the planar zigzag and s(2/1)2 helical conformations. Comparison is made with the spectra of isotactic polystyrene (ips) to identify the conformation-sensitive modes; for example, the 1221 cm?1 mode is identified as a skeletal mode sensitive to chain structure and it also shows maximum dispersion. Bunching of dispersion curves and their intersection are among the characteristic features which are discussed. A check on the dispersion curves below 400 cm?1 is made from the spectra of polystyrene oligomers. 相似文献
This paper reports a method for the simultaneous estimation of unwrapped phase and higher order phase derivatives from a single phase fringe pattern recorded in an optical interferometric setup, thereby overcoming substantial barriers to achieving such measurements. The proposed method considers the interference phase as a weighted linear combination of Gaussian radial basis functions defined along a given row or column at a time. The Gaussian radial basis functions are defined with a constant standard deviation and equally spaced centers. Unscented Kalman filter is employed for the accurate estimation of the weights of the basis functions using the state space representation of the spatial evolution of the interferogram. The estimated weights along with the numerically computed gradients of the basis functions also provide the estimations of phase derivatives of arbitrary order. The proposed representation of interference phase along with the unscented Kalman filter provides high robustness against the speckle noise. Simulation study is preformed to evaluate the dependence of the phase and phase derivative estimation accuracy on the selection of basis dimension and the noise level. Experimental results demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed method. 相似文献
Recently, it has been shown that by using a single‐site catalytic system having titanium as a metallic center, it is possible to tailor the entanglement density in the amorphous region of a semi‐crystalline ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). This route provides the possibility to make high‐modulus, high‐strength uniaxially and biaxially drawn tapes and films, without using any solvent during processing. In this publication, it is shown that a single‐site catalyst having chromium as metallic center, proposed by Enders and co‐workers, can also be tuned to provide control on the entanglement density during synthesis of the UHMWPE. However, to achieve the goal some modifications during the synthesis are required. The synthesized polymers can be processed in the solid state below the equilibrium melting temperature, resulting in uniaxially drawn tapes having tensile strength and modulus greater than 3.5 N/tex and 200 N/tex, respectively. Rheological studies have been performed to follow the increase in entanglement density in melt state with time.
The present work involves the adoption of an integrated approach for the purification of lactoperoxidase from milk whey by
coupling aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) with ultrasound-assisted ultrafiltration. The effect of system parameters of
ATPE such as type of phase system, polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular mass, system pH, tie line length and phase volume ratio
was evaluated so as to obtain differential partitioning of contaminant proteins and lactoperoxidase in top and bottom phases,
respectively. PEG 6000-potassium phosphate system was found to be suitable for the maximum activity recovery of lactoperoxidase
150.70% leading to 2.31-fold purity. Further, concentration and purification of enzyme was attempted using ultrafiltration.
The activity recovery and purification factor achieved after ultrafiltration were 149.85% and 3.53-fold, respectively. To
optimise productivity and cost-effectiveness of integrated process, influence of ultrasound for the enhancement of permeate
flux during ultrafiltration was also investigated. Intermittent use of ultrasound along with stirring (2 min acoustic and
2 min stirring) resulted in increased permeate flux from 0.94 to 2.18 l/m2 h in comparison to the ultrafiltration without ultrasound. The use of ultrasound during ultrafiltration resulted in increase
in flux, but there was no significant change in activity recovery and purification factor. The integrated approach involving
ATPE and ultrafiltration may prove to be a feasible method for the downstream processing of lactoperoxidase from milk whey. 相似文献
We present a detail study of the effect of excess metal atoms on the magnetic properties of Cu1+xCr2+yTe4 at 2-400 K. With the increase in x=0-1 and y<0.3, these compounds retain metallic behavior, while ferromagnetic ordering temperature reduces from 325 to 160 K. Our low field susceptibility χac measurements reveal a second transition on cooling below the ferromagnetic ordering; the transition at around 160-180 K intensifies with the excess amount of copper and chromium atoms. The value of spontaneous magnetization at 2 K remains between 2.6 and 2.9μB across all the compositions and it reduces with temperature as M(T)∼A0T3/2+A1T5/2, as expected for the excitation of Bloch's spin waves in a model of the Heisenberg ferromagnet. Our terminal composition Cu1.9Cr2.25Te4 showed only second transition at 160 K with short range magnetic order much above the transition temperature and in the absence of the specific heat jump at this temperature. The magnetic properties are explained as a result of random magnetic anisotropy in the excess-metal compositions induced by the interstitial atomic defects in their parent spinel structure. The large stuffing of cations has been made possible in the telluride compounds because of the large size of tellurium and also by the covalent bonding that stabilizes the defect structure. 相似文献
The hepatitis B surface antigen manufactured by recombinant DNA technology is extracted from the culture media by density gradient centrifugation using cesium salts. Cesium is considered to be toxic, because it affects active ion transport by blocking potassium channels. The residual trace levels of cesium in hepatitis B vaccine samples are determined by suppressed ion chromatography. Hepatitis B vaccines contain various buffer salts, aluminum-containing adjuvants, proteins and traces of iron. The polyvalent cations (Al3+, Fe3+) and proteins degrade the chromatographic performance in terms of decreased retention time and poor reproducibility. Different sample preparation approaches were evaluated with the aim of eliminating these foulants: (1) filtration, (2) digestion and (3) digestion-protein precipitation. Quantitative elimination of these foulants was achieved in the digestion-protein precipitation sample clean-up approach. Cesium was separated on the IonPac CS17 column with suppressed conductivity detection. The results of the ion chromatography (IC) method were compared with ICP-MS analysis. The precision of determination was better than 6.5% (relative standard deviation) with a method detection limit of 45 ng mL−1. The expanded uncertainty in the measurement at 95% confidence level (coverage factor 2) is better than 16.3%.
Six new substituted diphenyltin(IV) O,O′-alkylene dithiophosphates, (C6H5)2Sn(X)S(S) POGO [G = —CH2C(CH3)2CH2—, X = Cl (1), SCN (3), ClO4 (5); G = —CH2C (C4H9)(C2H5)CH2—, X = Cl (2), SCN (4), ClO4 (6)], were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding ammonium salts of the O,O’-alkylene dithiophosphates with an appropriate organotin(IV) chloride. The compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental and spectral analyses (ESI mass spectrometry, IR, 1H, 13C, 31P, and 119Sn NMR). The presence of a four-coordinated Sn atom and monodentate O,O’-alkylene dithiophosphate moiety in compounds 1–4 as well as bidentate O,O’-alkylene dithiophosphate unit in compounds 5,6 is established. 相似文献