Catalytic determination of selenium with a picrate-selective electrode

A method is described for the determination of selenium, based on its catalytic effect on the picrate—sulfide reaction. The determination involves a variable-time kinetic procedure using potentiometric monitoring with a picrate-selective electrode and automatic measurement of the time required for the potential to change by a preselected amount (5.0 mV). Selenium in the range 3–30 μg was determined with an average error of about 4% and relative standard deviations of about 2%. The reaction can also be followed spectrophotometrically.     

Ultramicrodetermination of iridium by an automatic reaction-rate method

Summary An automatic spectrophotometric kinetic method is described for the ultramicrodetermination of iridium, based on its accelerating effect on the periodate photodecomposition. The time required for the reaction to consume a fixed amount of periodate is measured automatically and related directly to the iridium concentration. Ultramicroamounts of iridium in the range 80–800 ng (1.0×10^–7-1.0 x 10^–6 M) were determined with an average error of about 2%. The relative standard deviation for a 100-ppb iridium sample was 1.8%.

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Zusammenfassung Eine automatische, spektrophotometrische, kinetische Methode für die Ultramikrobestimmung von Iridium wurde beschrieben, die auf dessen beschleunigender Wirkung auf die Lichtzersetzung von Perjodat beruht. Die für den Verbrauch einer bestimmten Perjodatmenge erforderliche Zeit wird automatisch gemessen und unmittelbar in Beziehung zur Iridiumkonzentration gesetzt. 10^–7 bis 10^–6 M Iridium (80–800 ng) lassen sich auf etwa 2% genau bestimmen. Die relative Standardabweichung für 100 ppb Ir beträgt 1,8%.

     

Ultramicrodetermination of manganese by an automatic reaction-rate method

Summary An automatic spectrophotometric reaction-rate method is described for the ultramicrodetermination of manganese(II). The method is based on the potassium periodate-diethylaniline reaction which is catalyzed by manganese. The time required for the reaction to produce a small fixed amount of colored product is measured automatically and related directly to the manganese concentration. Maximum tolerable amounts of interfering ions were determined. Ultramicro amounts of manganese in the range 3–30 ng were determined with relative errors of about 2% and measurement times of 15–150 seconds. The coefficient of variation was 1.0%. The method was applied for the determination of manganese in natural waters.

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Zusammenfassung Eine automatische spektrophotometrische Methode der Reaktionszeitmessung für die Ultramikrobestimmung von Mangan(II) wurde beschrieben. Sie beruht auf der durch Mn katalysierten Umsetzung von Kaliumperjodat mit Diäthylanilin. Die für die Bildung einer bestimmten kleinen Menge gefärbten Produktes nötige Zeit wird automatisch gemessen und daraus auf die Mn-Konzentration geschlossen. Die maximal erlaubten Mengen störender Ionen wurden ermittelt. Mangan läßt sich in Mengen von 3 bis 30 ng mit einem relativen Fehler von ungefähr 2% bestimmen. Die zu messenden Reaktionszeiten betragen dann 15 bis 150 Sekunden. Der Variationskoeffizient beträgt 1,0%. Die Methode wurde zur Mn-Bestimmung in natürlichen Wässern verwendet.

     

Construction and analytical applications of an improved liquid-membrane electrode for salicylate

The construction and analytical applications of an improved liquid-membrane electrode for salicylate are described. Tests of various combinations of symmetrical tetraalkylammonium salicylates and solvents showed that the best liquid ion-exchanger was tetraoctylammonium salicylate in p-nitrocumene. Electrode response is Nernstian down to 2 × 10^?5 M. Major interferences are perchlorate and periodate; the working pH range is 6–9. The electrode is useful for direct potentiometric determinations of salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations.     

EDTA titration of calcium and magnesium with a calcium-selective electrode

Direct semi-automatic and automatic derivative potentiometric EDTA procedures for the determination of calcium and/or magnesium with a calcium-selective electrode are described. Calcium is titrated in the presence of magnesium at pH 12.0 and the total calcium and magnesium is determined at pH 9.7. Calcium in the range 1-8 mg and magnesium in the range 0.7-5 mg are determined semi-automatically with average errors of about 0.2 and 0.3% respectively and automatically with average errors of 0.4 and 0.7%. Titration times vary from a few seconds to a few minutes.     

Titrimetric determination of thiourea and silver with a picrate ion selective electrode

Summary A method has been developed for the semiautomatic potentiometric titration of thiourea with silver nitrate and of silver with thiourea, in the presence of picrate ions, using a picrate ion selective electrode. Thiourea in the range 15–1500g and silver in the range 200–1800g were determined with relative errors and relative standard deviation of about 1%.

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Zusammenfassung Eine halbautomatische potentiometrische Titrationsmethode für Thioharnstoff mit Silbernitrat bzw. umgekehrt in Gegenwart von Pikrationen mit Hilfe einer selektiven Pikratelektrode wurde entwickelt. 15–1500g Thioharnstoff bzw. 200–1800g Silber wurden mit einem relativen Fehler und einer relativen Standardabweichung von etwa ±1% bestimmt.

     

Enzymatic fluorimetric determination of the individual bile acids in blood serum

An enzymatic fluorimetric method is described for the determination of total bile acids (cholic acid and deoxycholic acid), primary bile acids (cholic and chen acids and individual bile acids in serum without prior separation of the acids. Total and primary bile acids are determined by equilibrium procedures by conver of the 3α- and 7α-hydroxy bile acids to 3-oxo and 7-oxo bile acids by α-NAD⁺, in the presence of 3α- and 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), respectively, and measurement of the generated NADH fluorimetrically. Chenodeoxycholic acid is determined with 7α-HSD in the presence of cholic and deoxycholic acids by a differential kinetic procedure, and cholic and deoxycholic acids are calculated by difference. Interferents are removed by treatment of serum with Sachrom rein. Only 1.00 ml of serum is required. Low cost, simplicity and reliability are the main features of the method. The recovery of bile acids added to serum averaged 103% (range 83–122%). The method is suitable for routine use in small clinical laboratories.     

Catalytic-kinetic potentiometric determination of thyroxine

A kinetic method is described for the determination of thyroxine (0.4–4 μg ml^?1), based on its catalytic effect on the reduction of cerium(IV) by arsenic(III). The reaction is monitored potentiometrically; the time required for a 20-mV change in potential is inversely proportional to the thyroxine concentration. The method is applicable to tablets.     

Construction and analytical applications of liquid-membrane electrodes for atropine and novatropine

Liquid-membrane electrodes sensitive to atropinium and novatropinium cations are described. The atropinium electrode exhibits rapid and near-Nernstian response in the 10^-2–3 × 10^-5 M range over the pH range 2–8.5; the novatropinium electrode shows near-Nernstian response in the 10^-2–3 × 10^-6 M range at pH 2–10. Other alkaloids interfere. Direct potentiometry and potentiometric titrations are used to determine atropine and novatropine in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.     

Automated catalytic ultramicrodetermination of manganese in natural waters with a miniature centrifugal analyzer

The application of a miniature centrifugal analyzer to trace analysis by kinetic methods has been studied. A spectrophotometric reaction-rate method based on the potassium periodate—diethylaniline reaction which is catalyzed by manganese has been developed. Ultramicro amounts of manganese in the range 0.13–3.4 ng in 45 μl of sample were determined with relative errors and relative standard deviation of about 2%. The method was applied to the determination of manganese in natural waters.