全文获取类型
收费全文 | 480篇 |
免费 | 17篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 324篇 |
晶体学 | 3篇 |
力学 | 65篇 |
数学 | 31篇 |
物理学 | 76篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 16篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 29篇 |
2012年 | 22篇 |
2011年 | 29篇 |
2010年 | 23篇 |
2009年 | 14篇 |
2008年 | 32篇 |
2007年 | 22篇 |
2006年 | 28篇 |
2005年 | 27篇 |
2004年 | 30篇 |
2003年 | 23篇 |
2002年 | 24篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有499条查询结果,搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
2.
S. Vogel J. Hutter T. H. Fischer H. P. Lüthi 《International journal of quantum chemistry》1993,45(6):665-678
A program to optimize the structure of large molecules at the Hartree–Fock level of theory running concurrently on a network of workstations is presented. Problems encountered in obtaining nearly optimal speedup and their solutions are discussed. A simple scheduling algorithm is presented that enables up to 99.5% of the code to run in parallel. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
3.
Pirjo Sainio Irma Mäkinen Jaap-Willem Hutter Theo den Ouden Mikael Krysell 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2006,11(3):116-121
The international joint project HYCREF (Contract No. G6RD-CT-2002-00854), funded by the European Commission in the 5th Framework programme, aimed to develop methods to prepare homogeneous and stable reference materials of water, soil, and waste contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons and to certify the mineral oil content by gas chromatographic methods. The results of a feasibility study for the preparation of three soil reference materials are discussed in this paper, and for the preparation of three waste reference materials in the second part (Koch et al., Accred Qual Assur submitted for publication). The soil materials were selected to represent different soil types and contamination levels. The project plan set three requirements for these reference materials: uncertainty in the mineral oil content resulting from the certification exercise <5%, a sample inhomogeneity of <3% and a minimum long-term stability of 5 years. For the most part, these requirements were met within this project. 相似文献
4.
Nanosensors based on responsive polymer brushes and gold nanoparticle enhanced transmission surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Tokareva I Minko S Fendler JH Hutter E 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2004,126(49):15950-15951
Swelling (and shrinking) of poly(2-vinylpyridine), P2VP, polymer brushes, caused by pH changes, could be readily monitored by transmission surface plasmon resonance, T-SPR, spectroscopy. Gold nanoparticles attached to the P2VP polymer brushes dramatically enhanced the pH-induced shift in the T-SPR absorption spectra. (A 50 nm shift of the absorption maximum of the T-SPR spectrum of the supporting gold nanoislands was observed upon changing the pH from 5.0 to 2.0, corresponding to a swelling of the polymer brushes from 8.1 +/- 0.7 to 24.0 +/- 2.0 nm. Same shift in the opposite direction was observed upon changing the pH from 2.0 to 5.0.) 相似文献
5.
Pollak C Malic B Kosec M Javoric S Hutter H 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2002,374(4):608-613
Chemical solution-deposited thin films of PbZr(0.53)Ti(0.47)O(3)/La(0.5)Sr(0.5)CoO(3) on Pt/TiO(2)/SiO(2)/Si substrates have been investigated by dynamic SIMS. The PbZr(0.53)Ti(0.47)O(3) (PZT) is intended to serve as a ferroelectric layer for microelectronic or microelectromechanical applications; conducting La(0.5)Sr(0.5)CoO(3) (LSCO) is a buffer layer intended to eliminate fatigue effects which usually occur at the Pt/PZT interface. Depth profiles of the main components were obtained and revealed that significant diffusion occurred during the deposition and crystallisation processes. Two types of sample, with different thickness of PZT and different types of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) added to the LSCO precursor, were investigated. 相似文献
6.
M. G. Wolkenstein H. Hutter M. Grasserbauer 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1998,361(6-7):722-724
Efforts towards using advanced computer graphics for improved visualization of three-dimensional (3-D) secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) data are described. The application of the Visualization Toolkit (vtk), a freely available C++ class library for 3-D graphics and visualization for both PC and Unix systems, is demonstrated. Various available algorithms are used to analyze and visualize features otherwise hidden within data. A selection of examples is presented to demonstrate the capabilities of data visualization. 相似文献
7.
Laser photolysis of benzoyl radical precursors (such as PhCOC[OH]R2 ) in oxygen-containing solutions leads to a laser-specific cascade of oxidative events in which benzoyl peroxyl radicals undergo self-reaction, ultimately leading to the sequential formation of benzoyloxyl, phenyl and phenyl peroxyl radicals. Thus, photoreactions producing benzoyl (PheO) radicals lead to PhĊO under conditions where benzoyl radicals do not decarbonylate. These reactions require the high-intensity conditions that can only be achieved under pulsed laser excitation; yet, they do not involve any multiphoton processes. Type I mechanisms of this type may be of importance as new laser-based therapeutic technologies are developed. 相似文献
8.
C. Brunner H. Hutter K. Piplits M. Gritsch G. Pöckl M. Grasserbauer 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1998,361(6-7):667-671
Non-metallic impurities or phases are often unintentional but important constituents in steel – they primarily influence
the properties and behavior of the material by forming crystallization nuclei during the solidification process of the molten
material. The kind, formation and spatial distribution of these inclusions has been investigated in this work by 2D SIMS,
depth profiling and scanning SIMS. These non-metallic phases can be divided into oxides, nitrides, carbides, sulfides and
gas bubbles. Probably the most important phase, the oxygenic, results from reactions of the molten bath with the ambient air
and from the admixture of de-oxidation components. The investigated HSS specimen exhibits two different classes of inclusions.
The first class mainly contains sulfide precipitates and differs widely from the second. The latter exhibits a spherical structure
with the outer sphere combining the oxygenic precipitation and the core containing nitrides and sulfides. Due to the small
size of the inclusions, they have been investigated by high resolution scanning SIMS to separate the different phases.
Received: 30 July 1997 / Revised: 9 February 1998 / Accepted: 15 February 1998 相似文献
9.
Shearer J Jackson HL Schweitzer D Rittenberg DK Leavy TM Kaminsky W Scarrow RC Kovacs JA 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2002,124(38):11417-11428
Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is an iron-containing metalloenzyme that converts nitriles to amides. The mechanism by which this biochemical reaction occurs is unknown. One mechanism that has been proposed involves nucleophilic attack of an Fe-bound nitrile by water (or hydroxide). Reported herein is a five-coordinate model compound ([Fe(III)(S(2)(Me2)N(3)(Et,Pr))](+)) containing Fe(III) in an environment resembling that of NHase, which reversibly binds a variety of nitriles, alcohols, amines, and thiocyanate. XAS shows that five-coordinate [Fe(III)(S(2)(Me2)N(3)(Et,Pr))](+) reacts with both methanol and acetonitrile to afford a six-coordinate solvent-bound complex. Competitive binding studies demonstrate that MeCN preferentially binds over ROH, suggesting that nitriles would be capable of displacing the H(2)O coordinated to the iron site of NHase. Thermodynamic parameters were determined for acetonitrile (DeltaH = -6.2(+/-0.2) kcal/mol, DeltaS = -29.4(+/-0.8) eu), benzonitrile (-4.2(+/-0.6) kcal/mol, DeltaS = -18(+/-3) eu), and pyridine (DeltaH = -8(+/-1) kcal/mol, DeltaS = -41(+/-6) eu) binding to [Fe(III)(S(2)(Me2)N(3)(Et,Pr))](+) using variable-temperature electronic absorption spectroscopy. Ligand exchange kinetics were examined for acetonitrile, iso-propylnitrile, benzonitrile, and 4-tert-butylpyridine using (13)C NMR line-broadening analysis, at a variety of temperatures. Activation parameters for ligand exchange were determined to be DeltaH(+ +) = 7.1(+/-0.8) kcal/mol, DeltaS(+ +) = -10(+/-1) eu (acetonitrile), DeltaH(+ +) = 5.4(+/-0.6) kcal/mol, DeltaS(+ +) = -17(+/-2) eu (iso-propionitrile), DeltaH(+ +) = 4.9(+/-0.8) kcal/mol, DeltaS(+ +) = -20(+/-3) eu (benzonitrile), and DeltaH(+ +) = 4.7(+/-1.4) kcal/mol DeltaS(+ +) = -18(+/-2) eu (4-tert-butylpyridine). The thermodynamic parameters for pyridine binding to a related complex, [Fe(III)(S(2)(Me2)N(3)(Pr,Pr))](+) (DeltaH = -5.9(+/-0.8) kcal/mol, DeltaS = -24(+/-3) eu), are also reported, as well as kinetic parameters for 4-tert-butylpyridine exchange (DeltaH(+ +) = 3.1(+/-0.8) kcal/mol, DeltaS(+ +) = -25(+/-3) eu). These data show for the first time that, when it is contained in a ligand environment similar to that of NHase, Fe(III) is capable of forming a stable complex with nitriles. Also, the rates of ligand exchange demonstrate that low-spin Fe(III) in this ligand environment is more labile than expected. Furthermore, comparison of [Fe(III)(S(2)(Me2)N(3)(Et,Pr))](+) and [Fe(III)(S(2)(Me2)N(3)(Pr,Pr))](+) demonstrates how minor distortions induced by ligand constraints can dramatically alter the reactivity of a metal complex. 相似文献
10.
Kariuki NN Luo J Maye MM Hassan SA Menard T Naslund HR Lin Y Wang C Engelhard MH Zhong CJ 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(25):11240-11246
This paper reports findings of an investigation of the synthesis of monolayer-capped binary gold-silver (AuAg) bimetallic nanoparticles that is aimed at understanding the control factors governing the formation of the bimetallic compositions. The synthesis of alkanethiolate-capped AuAg nanoparticles was carried out using two related synthetic protocols using aqueous sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. One involves a two-phase reduction of AuCl(4)(-), which is dissolved in organic solution, and Ag(+), which is dissolved in aqueous solution. The other protocol involves a two-phase reduction of AuCl(4)(-) and AgBr(2)(-), both of which are dissolved in the same organic solution. AuAg nanoparticles of 2-3 nm core sizes with different compositions in the range of 0-100% Au have been synthesized. The two synthetic routes were compared in terms of bimetallic composition and size properties. Our new findings have allowed us to establish the correlation between synthetic feeding of metals and metal compositions in the bimetallic nanoparticles, which have important implications to the exploration of gold-based bimetallic nanoparticles for constructing sensing and catalytic nanomaterials. 相似文献