New Preparation Method of Nanocrystalline Materials by Impulse Plasma in Liquid

A new method to fabricate nanomaterials by using Impulse Plasma in Liquid is presented. Impulse plasma appears from inter-electrode space break-down in high potential difference between two electrodes submerged into a dielectric liquid, while the power supply is relatively small that is insufficient to excite an arc discharge. By changing the dielectric liquid, we can obtain metallic particles, oxides, carbides. This method does not require vacuum chamber and high energy, thus, can provide economical preparation of various types of nanomaterials. Nanocrystalline powder of titanium oxide was prepared using purified water as a dielectric liquid. Metallic nanoparticles of ytterbium, silver and copper were also prepared by the impulse plasma between a pair of the same material electrodes submerged in styrene. In addition, fullerene C₆₀ was synthesized by the impulse plasma in toluene. Nanoparticles of TiC, WC, TaC were also synthesized by the impulse plasma in styrene.     

Effect of base on the state of palladium in the synthesis of styrene in the heck reaction

An extremely important role is shown for the tertiary amine in the reduction of Pd(II) formed as result of the reductive transformations of the aryl halide in the Heck reaction. The dependence of the rate on the nature of the base is explained.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, p. 208, January, 1991.