A demonstration of the diffusion of sodium in a glass-gas discharge system

A demonstration is proposed of the nonstationary diffusion of sodium from a melt of its salt in two-electrode light indicators of a discharge in the cases of electric fields accelerating and damping the motion of ions.Mordovinian Pedagogical Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 98–102, May, 1992.     

Thermodesorption processes of langmuir layers of aliphatic acids and salts

Thermodesorption processes of mono-and multilayers of fatty acids and their salts with 14 to 24 carbon atoms were investigated by ellipsometry and IR spectroscopy. Cadmium, calcium, strontium, and barium salt layers, unlike the layers of pure acids, have a complex phase composition which includes not only separate acid and salt phases, but also intermediate acid-salt forms. The initial phase composition of multilayer systems determines their thermodesorption spectrum observed upon heating the samples. It was found that before the removal of molecules to the gaseous phase, phase transitions are possible in the films, similar to those observed in crystals and caused by the change of molecular conformations in the layer. Energy characteristics of thermodesorption processes are estimated for pure acid layers and for separate phases in salt layers. Possible qualitative models of the processes are discussed.Institute of Semiconductor Physics. Translated fromZhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 123–130, November–December, 1993.Translated by L. Chernomorskaya     

Investigation of primary cosmic rays at the Moon’s surface

The possibility of experimentally studying primary cosmic rays at the Moon’s surface is considered. A mathematical simulations of showers initiated in the lunar regolith by high-energy particles of primary cosmic rays is performed. It is shown that such particles can in principle be recorded by simultaneously detecting three components of backscattered radiation (secondary neutrons, gamma rays, and radio emission).     

Synthesis and structure of the oxalatotetranitratouranylate complex (NH4)2[{UO2(NO3)2}2(μ4-C2O4)] · 2H2O

The reaction of diaquadinitratouranyl with ammonium nitrate in ethanol gave the single crystals of ((NH₄)₂[}UO₂(NO₃)₂}₂(μ₄-C₂O₄)] · 2H₂O (I).The structure of the complex was studied by X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic, a = 8.6497(10) Å, b = 11.7001(10) Å, c = 20.2135(10) Å, β = 93.924(10)°, space group P2₁/c, Z = 4, V = 2040.9(3) ų. The structural units of the crystal are island binuclear groups [{UO₂(NO₃)₂}₂(μ₄-C₂O₄)]^2?, ammonium cations, and crystal water molecules. The structure has a complex three-dimensional packing provided by electrostatic attraction forces of the counterions and the hydrogen bond system involving water molecules, oxalate, nitrate, and uranyl ions. The IR spectra of I confirm the X-ray diffraction data.     

Cross section and transverse momentum of hadron interactions with air nuclei at primary cosmic ray energies of 0.3–5 PeV

The Tien Shan experimental data on hadrons with energies exceeding 0.5 TeV in extensive air showers (EAS) from primary cosmic rays with energies from 0.3 to 5 PeV are compared with the results of CORSIKA + QGSJET model simulations. Some conclusions are drawn on the increase of the cross section and transverse momentum in the hadron interactions with air atom nuclei from 0.1 TeV (accelerator with a fixed target) to 5 PeV (EAS) energies.     

Study of primary cosmic rays on the Moon’s surface and in orbit around the Moon

A mathematical model for experiments aimed at studying the primary cosmic rays on the Moon’s surface and in orbit around the Moon is considered. The feasibility of simultaneously registering in three components (secondary neutrons, gamma rays, and radio emission) particles of primary cosmic rays via reverse current in showers developing in the lunar regolith is demonstrated.     

Dependence of the mechanism and regularities of energy transfer in binuclear lanthanide complexes in solutions on the nature of the anion and solvent

The effect of anions contained in solutions on the energy transfer from Tb(III) and Dy(III) ions to different Ln(III) ions is investigated in aqueous and alcohol solutions. It is shown that the regularities revealed in the energy transfer are completely determined by the ratio between the dissociation rate of the binuclear complex and the rate of energy transfer in it. The rate constant k _t of energy transfer in solutions in which labile binuclear complexes of Ln(III) ions are linked through the strong acid anions Cl^?, NO ₃ ^? , and HSO ₄ ^? depends on the nature of ions in the pairs. It is demonstrated that the energy transfer in all the systems predominantly occurs through the induction-resonance mechanism. The rate constants k _t in aqueous solutions of weak (acetic, salicylic, and carbonic) acids also depend on the nature of ions interacting in pairs but do not correlate with the Förster overlap integral of the spectra. In labile binuclear complexes, the interaction between these ions proceeds by the exchange-resonance mechanism at a distance of ≈0.4 nm. It is established that the constants k _t in alcohol solutions of Ln(III) ions are virtually independent of the nature of the pairs of the ions interacting through the acetate bridge. A comparison of the dissociation rate constants for Ln-anion complexes in alcohol solutions and the expected intracomplex rates of energy transfer in the binuclear complexes offers a satisfactory explanation of the obtained results and makes it possible to determine the association constants for binuclear lanthanide complexes in these solutions.     

The NUCLEON experiment: The current status

The main purpose of the NUCLEON experiment is direct measurements of the energy spectra of cosmic rays in the range 10¹¹–10¹⁵ eV with the use of the lightweight facility during a prolonged orbital flight. The energy is determined using a technique based on the measurement of the spatial density of secondary particles produced in the initial event of inelastic interaction. The schematic diagram of the NUCLEON facility, the current status of the project, the results of testing the prototype, and plans are presented.