Superfunctions and sqrt of factorial

The holomorphic function h is constructed such that h h z = z!; this function is interpreted as square root of Factorial.     

New experimental and simulated results on nuclear media effects in meson photoproduction off nuclei

New experimental approach to study meson photoproduction in nuclei is discussed. It is based on the measurement of the recoil nucleon as a tagger for identification of the initial step of reaction. Propagation of mesons and nucleons within a nucleus is described by the Intra-Nuclear Cascade (INC) model. Simulations and preliminary experimental data for the deuteron target obtained at GRAAL are presented.     

Fine structure in the cosmic ray electron spectrum measured by the ATIC-2 and ATIC-4 experiments

A strong anomaly in form of a wide peak in the energy range 300–800 GeV was discovered in the first measurements of the electron spectrum in the energy range from 20 GeV to 3 TeV by the balloon-borne experiment ATIC [1]. The experimental data processing and analysis of the electron spectrum with different criteria for selection of electrons completely independent of the results reported in [1] is employed in the present paper. New independent analysis generally confirms the results of [1] but shows that the spectrum in the region of the anomaly is represented by a number of narrow peaks. Measured spectrum is compared to the spectrum of [1] and to the spectrum of the Fermi/LAT experiment.     

Intramolecular N to N acyl migration in conformationally mobile 1′-acyl-1-benzyl-3′,4′-dihydro-1′<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-spiro[piperidine-4,2′-quinoline] systems promoted by debenzylation conditions (HCOONH<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Pd/C)

We report an efficient and useful synthesis of new attractive spiropiperdine scaffolds 4 based on an intramolecular acyl transfer process in 1′-acyl-1-benzyl-3′,4′-dihydro-1′H-spiro[piperidine-4,2′-quinolines] 3 using simple and mild debenzylation reaction conditions (HCOONH₄/Pd/C). The compounds 3 were prepared by acylating 1-benzyl-4′-methyl-3′,4′-dihydro-1′H-spiro[piperidine-4,2′-quinolines] 2 that are easily available from 1-benzyl-4-piperidone 1. The intramolecular character of this process was proven primarily through a crossover experiment technique. Through an examination of all spectroscopic information (¹H, ¹³C NMR, VT-¹H NMR, and ²D NMR) it was possible to correctly predict amide configurations and piperidine ring conformations of starting and final spiropiperidine compounds.      

Some aspects of reduced quinoline chemistry

Different synthetic paths that produce the reduced quinoline cycle are discussed: among them intramolecular cyclization, intra- and inter [4+2] cycloaddition reactions and other methods. Some chemical properties of tetrahydroquinolines are also analyzed.     

An efficient synthesis of new C-2 aryl substituted quinolines based on three component imino Diels-Alder reaction

New effective approach to the synthesis of a wide variety of C-2 nitro or aminophenyl substituted quinolines was reported using diverse intermediate 4-(2-oxopyrrolinidyl-1)-tetrahydroquinolines that were prepared by a three component imino Diels-Alder reaction was reported. The key aromatisation process occurs cleanly with the loss of the 2-oxopyrrolinidyl-1 fragment.     

An efficient preparation of new homoallylamines and α‐aminonitriles bearing furyl and thienyl rings

New diverse N‐aryl‐N‐[1‐furyl(thienyl)but‐3‐enyl]amines (homoallylamines) or 2‐(N‐arylmethylamino)‐2‐furyl(thienyl)acetonitriles (α‐aminonitriles) were easily prepared in good to excellent yields by an indium‐mediated Barbier‐type reaction between N‐hetarylaldimines and allyl bromide in MeOH or a direct three component reaction between anilines, hetaryl aldehydes and trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of molecular iodine at room temperature, respectively. The entire set of amines was characterized by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

Magnesium isotope effects in enzymatic phosphorylation

Recent discovery of magnesium isotope effect in the rate of enzymatic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) offers a new insight into the mechanochemistry of enzymes as the molecular machines. The activity of phosphorylating enzymes (ATP-synthase, phosphocreatine, and phosphoglycerate kinases) in which Mg(2+) ion has a magnetic isotopic nucleus 25Mg was found to be 2-3 times higher than that of enzymes in which Mg(2+) ion has spinless, nonmagnetic isotopic nuclei 24Mg or 26Mg. This isotope effect demonstrates unambiguously that the ATP synthesis is a spin-dependent ion-radical process. The reaction schemes, suggested to explain the effect, imply a reversible electron transfer from the terminal phosphate anion of ADP to Mg(2+) ion as a first step, generating ion-radical pair with singlet and triplet spin states. The yields of ATP along the singlet and triplet channels are controlled by hyperfine coupling of unpaired electron in 25Mg+ ion with magnetic nucleus 25Mg. There is no difference in the ATP yield for enzymes with 24Mg and 26Mg; it gives evidence that in this reaction magnetic isotope effect (MIE) operates rather than classical, mass-dependent one. Similar effects have been also found for the pyruvate kinase. Magnetic field dependence of enzymatic phosphorylation is in agreement with suggested ion-radical mechanism.