Solar modulation of cosmic deuteron fluxes in the PAMELA experiment

The preliminary results from measurements of deuteron fluxes in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the vicinity of the Earth in 2006–2009 are presented. The results are obtained by analyzing data from the PAMELA experiment aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite. High-precision detection instruments provided an opportunity to identify GCR deuterons and measure their spectrum in the energy interval of 90–650MeV/nucleon. Spectra averaged over six-month intervals from the summer of 2006 to the summer of 2009 (the solar activity minimum) are presented. The influence of solar modulation on the observed spectrum is clearly seen in the results.     

Trapped Positrons and Electrons in the Inner Radiation Belt According to Data of the PAMELA Experiment

Measurements of secondary-electron and secondary-positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff in near-Earth space were performed by means of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer installed on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite launched on June 15, 2006, in an elliptical orbit of inclination 70° and altitude 350 to 600 km. This spectrometer permits measuring the fluxes of electrons and positrons over a wide energy range, as well as determining their spatial distributions to a precision of about 2°. A calculation of particle trajectories in the geomagnetic field makes it possible to separate electrons and positrons originating from cosmic-ray interactions in the Earth’s magnetosphere. The spatial distributions of quasitrapped, trapped, and short-lived albedo positrons and electrons of energy above 70 MeV in the radiation belt were analyzed. The ratio of the electron-to-positron fluxes and the energy spectra of the electrons and positrons in question are indicative of different productionmechanisms for stably trapped and quasitrapped secondary particles.     

Search for Albedo Tritium with PAMELA Experiment

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Particles of albedo radiation are the particles born in interactions of primary cosmic rays penetrating inside Earth’s atmosphere and magnetosphere and the...     

Measurement of the total spectrum of electrons and positrons in the energy range of 300–1500 GeV in the PAMELA experiment with the aid of a sampling calorimeter and a neutron detector

A method based on the use of a sampling calorimeter was developed for measuring the total energy spectrum of electrons and positrons from high-energy cosmic rays in the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment. This made it possible to extend the range of energies accessible to measurements by the magnetic system of the PAMELA spectrometer. Themethod involves a procedure for selecting electrons on the basis of features of a secondary-particle shower in the calorimeter. The results obtained by measuring the total spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range of 300–1500 GeV by the method in question are presented on the basis of data accumulated over a period spanning 2006 and 2013.

     

Total synthesis of TMC-95A and -B via a new reaction leading to Z-enamides. Some preliminary findings as to SAR

A full account of the total syntheses of proteasome inhibitors TMC-95A and -B is provided. A key feature of the syntheses involved installation of a cis-propenylamide moiety by a thermal rearrangement of an alpha-silylallyl amide. The scope and mechanism of the enamide-forming reaction are discussed. Also provided are some preliminary results from SAR studies. It was found that simplified analogues can retain the full potency of proteasome inhibition.     

Chemical genetic control of protein levels: selective in vivo targeted degradation

Genetic loss of function analysis is a powerful method for the study of protein function. However, some cell biological questions are difficult to address using traditional genetic strategies often due to the lack of appropriate genetic model systems. Here, we present a general strategy for the design and syntheses of molecules capable of inducing the degradation of selected proteins in vivo via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Western blot and fluorometric analyses indicated the loss of two different targets: green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with FK506 binding protein (FKBP12) and GFP fused with the androgen receptor (AR), after treatment with PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeric moleculeS (PROTACS) incorporating a FKBP12 ligand and dihydrotestosterone, respectively. These are the first in vivo examples of direct small molecule-induced recruitment of target proteins to the proteasome for degradation upon addition to cultured cells. Moreover, PROTAC-mediated protein degradation offers a general strategy to create "chemical knockouts," thus opening new possibilities for the control of protein function.     

The Cross Section of the Inelastic Interaction of Protons with the Tungsten Obtained with the PAMELA Space Experiment

We present the energy dependence of the cross section for the inelastic interaction of protons with tungsten in the energy range from an order of 1 to hundred GeV using the data of the PAMELA space experiment. It was intended for the precision measurements of the cosmic ray fluxes of different nature and include a set of detectors for the reliable determination of the particle characteristics. We present the comparison of the obtained results with the measurements at accelerators and with existing theoretical models. The results of the work can be demanded for the development of numerical models describing particles’ interactions.

     

Modulation of electrons and positrons in 2006–2015 in the PAMELA experiment

The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite into a nearpolar circumterrestrial orbit with an altitude of 350–600 km to study fluxes of the particles and antiparticles of cosmic rays in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to several hundred gigaelectronvolts. The results from observations of temporal variations in electron and positron fluxes in 2006–2015 are presented. The ratio of electron and positron fluxes measured in this time interval reveals a dependence on the rigidity of particles, the solar activity, and the polarity of the solar magnetic field.     

Spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV in the PAMELA experiment in the flare events of 2006–2015

The first results from measuring the spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV in the solar flares of 2006–2015 observed by the PAMELA international space experiment are presented. The PAMELA neutron detector with ³He counters and a moderator with an area of 0.18 m² allows us to estimate the flux of solar neutrons during solar flares. Solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV likely occurred in 21 out of the 24 analyzed flares of 2006–2015.     

Cross sections for monitor reactions 27Al((p, x)24Na, 27Al(p, x)22Na, and 27Al(p, x)7Be at proton energies in the range 0.04–2.6 GeV

The cross sections for the monitor reactions ²⁷Al(p, x)²⁴Na, ²⁷Al(p, x)²²Na, and ²⁷Al(p, x)⁷Be at 12 proton energies, 2605, 1598, 1199, 799, 600, 400, 249, 147.6, 97.2, 66.0, 44.6, and 40.8 MeV, have been determined with 72 × 72-mm square and 10.5-mm-diameter round aluminum foils. The rates of the reactions of the production of ²⁴Na, ²²Na, and ⁷Be in the foils in each irradiation run have been determined by γ spectrometry, whereas the number of protons transmitted through these foils has been determined using calibrated fast current transformers. The cross sections have been determined as the ratios of the corresponding reaction to the average proton fluence.